Organ Donation System in China Is the Chinese Communist Party’s Scheme to Cover Up the Crime of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
After the evil of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners was exposed on March 9, 2006, the CCP faced accusations of genocide from the international community and inquiries about the sources of these organs. In response, the CCP downplayed the severity of the situation and openly admitted that China systematically uses organs from death row inmates. They even claimed that China is the only country that systematically utilizes organs from executed prisoners, attempting to evade international accusations of their crimes in harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners.
Starting in 2010, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) implemented a pilot program for citizen organ donation in ten major cities. However, with little success from the pilot, on January 1, 2015, the CCP announced that it would stop using organs from death row inmates and would exclusively use organs donated by citizens. They declared, "Voluntary donations from Chinese citizens are the only legal source of organ transplantation." [1] The Red Cross Society’s organ donation office was designated for certification and implementation[2], effectively giving the practice of harvesting organs a façade of legality and humanitarianism. Strikingly, after the cessation of using organs from executed prisoners, the total number of organ transplants in 2015 not only did not decrease but reached a new high[3].
The World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) has conducted ongoing telephone tracking investigations of hospitals in mainland China suspected of harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners, as well as the Red Cross's organ donation institutions and Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs). This investigation has yielded significant evidence and numerous leads.
The investigation indicates that the CCP's claim that all organ transplants are sourced from citizen donations is a massive lie. The Red Cross's organ donation efforts are extremely difficult to implement. The limited numbers make it impossible to effectively oversee organ donations. The amounts reported by various provincial and city Red Cross organizations for organ donations are significantly lower than the official figures for organ donations and far below the actual number of transplants. In fact, in some cities with a high volume of organ transplants, the number of organ donations reported is zero; Beijing is one such typical example[4].
Between August and September 2018, the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) conducted a comprehensive telephone investigation of the organ donation offices at both the municipal and district levels of the Beijing Red Cross system. The results showed that the Beijing Red Cross organ donation office had remained in a preparatory stage for many years and had not engaged in any actual organ donation work. The subordinate district Red Cross offices did not have their own organ donation offices and did not carry out any actual organ donation activities, limiting their efforts to promotional activities.
As the capital of China, Beijing has the most organ transplant hospitals. According to a list published by the National Health and Family Planning Commission[5] on February 11, 2018, there are 178 organ transplant hospitals in China[6], 23 of which are in Beijing, making it the city with the highest volume of organ transplants. For example, Peking University People’s Hospital reported completing over 4,000 liver and kidney transplants in a year[7]. The CCP claims that "voluntary donations from Chinese citizens are the only legal source of organ transplantation." If so, where do all these organs for transplants in Beijing come from each year? Are their sources legal?
After 2015, the CCP replaced the narrative of "death row inmate" organ donations with the so-called "brain death" organ donations. Under the guise of the Health and Family Planning Commission's online organ allocation system, the crime of harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners continued as usual, becoming even more high-sounding and deceptive.
To date, there is no law in China regarding "brain death." This means that the determination of "brain death" has not been legislated in China, nor have any related laws or regulations been established as prerequisites. However, the transplant community in China openly promotes "brain death" organ donations, giving a misleading label of "donation" to organs declared as "brain dead," thus obscuring the dark reality of organ harvesting and legalizing the cruel practice of live organ harvesting. The CCP's "brain death" organ donations represent yet another fabricated deception following the "death row inmate" organ scam, and they are even more misleading. Chinese transplant hospitals (transplant centers) openly use their own standards for "brain death" to procure organs, even going so far as to manufacture "brain dead organs" for transplantation.
At the same time, the Organ Donation and Allocation System (COTRS) is used as a façade to cover up illegal organ transplants. The human organ allocation network is completely opaque, with serious issues and a large number of illegal organ transplants. Among the hundreds of Red Cross personnel and medical staff investigated, none had ever logged into the official websites for organ donation and transplantation; they had only heard of them. Organs of illegal origin are not allocated through the organ donation and allocation system. Considering the inability to explain the vast sources of transplant organs in China through citizen registrations, Huang Jiefu, a spokesperson for organ transplantation in China, argued that the true source of organs is the ICU (Intensive Care Unit) in hospitals. He prevaricated about the opaque and chaotic operations of ICUs, where the sources of organs remain unclear, and the actual number of procured organs cannot be verified.
As of December 2023, the number of registered voluntary donors in China, calculated according to international standards, is reported to be between 1,573 and 3,151 cases, which is a huge discrepancy compared to the official figure of 49,857 cases[8]. Even including reported organ donations from ICUs across the country, the total cannot support the officially acknowledged transplant volume. In fact, the actual number of transplants performed by hospitals far exceeds the officially recognized transplant numbers, and the organs sourced solely from citizen donations cannot explain the actual transplant figures, indicating that the organs come from other illegal avenues. It is important to note that many families of organ donors and registered donors state that the donations were not voluntary but rather coerced or deceived.
On October 20, 2023, Premier Li Qiang presided over the approval of the "Regulations on Human Organ Donation and Transplantation," which will take effect on May 1, 2024. This is the first major revision since the implementation of the "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" in 2007, with the revised title including the term "donation"[9]. This regulation provides a legal façade for the CCP's evil organ harvesting industry that serves the privileged class, generates huge profits, and involves killing on demand[10].
Additionally, the scattered sources of organs in society are insufficient to meet the enormous demand of the national organ market. The CCP has exposed the organ black market and has attempted to showcase its efforts to combat black market organ transplant activities, seeking to shift the blame to the black market and obscure the truth about the harvesting of organs from Falun Gong practitioners. They have also publicly arrested and prominently reported on a few cases of black-market organ trade, creating an atmosphere of rampant organ trafficking and guiding society to condemn the social issues related to the black market.
According to over a decade of investigation by WOIPFG, since 2000, the CCP has successively used the cover of "death row inmate" organs, "citizen voluntary donation" organs, and "brain death donation" organs to conceal the truth about harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners[11]. However, regardless of which cover is used, the sources of the organs remain completely opaque and unverifiable, failing to escape the international community's accusations of their crimes in harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners. The state-sponsored organ harvesting led by the CCP can only occur under conditions where there is a stable supply of quality organs from a large number of living donors who are secretly detained and readily available. Falun Gong practitioners constitute a major part of this living organ donor pool in the CCP's organ harvesting industry.
This report elaborates on the issue from the following nineteen aspects.
Chapter 1: The Claim that All Organs Come from Citizen Donations is a Lie
- Beijing
- Shanghai
- Tianjin
- Guangdong Province
- Zhejiang Province
Chapter 2: Numerous Doubts Surrounding Organ Donation Registration
- The significant differences in the number of registered organ donors and waiting times between China and the U.S. indicate that the sources of organs cannot be explained by normal donations.
- Mandatory registration for organ donation
- Organ donation is difficult to carry out, with few donations and confidentiality issues.
- The Red Cross is virtually non-existent in its role, unable to regulate hospitals, with many organs not coming from the Red Cross.
- The quality of donated organs is limited and not all can be used.
- The Red Cross, responsible for overseeing donated organs, is involved in organ trafficking.
- Serious issues with the China Organ Allocation and Sharing Computer System (COTRS).
- Hospitals with organ sourcing channels do not use this system.
- Organ allocation prioritizes relationships and interests.
Chapter 7: Live Organ Harvesting Under the Guise of Brain Death Donation
- "Brain death" is a common excuse used by the medical community in mainland China to describe living organ donors.
- "Brain Death Centers"
- Large quantities of Chinese DCD (Donation After Cardiac Death) organs with zero minutes of warm ischemia time—suspected of being live-harvested organs.
- The new generation of brain stem impact machines.
- Three chairpersons of the OPO Alliance are suspected of organ harvesting.
- Hospitals in the OPO Alliance are involved in murder, organ theft, and trafficking.
- The opaque operating model of the OPO.
Chapter 9: Organ Coordinators Expose the Dark Side of Organ Donation
- Between July 2016 and June 2017, WOIPFG conducted 10 phone surveys with 8 organ coordinators from 6 transplant hospitals, revealing numerous issues.
- Organ coordinators disclose the dark side of organ donation in China to the media.
- Families of brain-dead patients in China are coerced into donating organs.
- Suspicions regarding the organ utilization rates in China suggest a large number of healthy individuals are being used as organ donors by the Communist Party outside of donations.
- Behind the severe waste of donated organs.
- Medical staff report various sources for organs, such as "private channels" and "inconvenient to disclose."
- Transplant hospitals report low numbers of organ donations.
- Organ transplant hospitals and judicial agencies engage in organ trafficking.
Chapter 12: Live Donor Organ Banks
- Emergency transplants are widespread.
- Young and quality organ donors are available for pick and choose.
- Extremely short waiting times.
- An abundance of donors.
- Multiple major organ transplants on the same day.
- Oversupply of donors leads to free promotions for liver transplants in China.
- National Organ Reserve Center.
Chapter 13: The Process System for Live Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners’ Organs
- A live organ bank for Falun Gong practitioners.
- Blood tests and health checks on Falun Gong practitioners, suspected of creating an organ matching database.
- Systematic operations for harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners.
- The military, judicial institutions, and transplant hospitals are involved in live harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners' organs.
- Hospitals suspected of organ harvesting are significantly large.
- Organ transplants are for extending the lives of the privileged.
Chapter 15: Promoting Infant Organ Donation, the Communist Party's Reach Extends to Infants
- Public opinion guides attention to black market organ trafficking.
- Black market organ donors are brought in by police behind the scenes, with organ sales and transplants operating under the table.
- Fabrication of fake documents.
- Concealment of organ transplant volumes to mask the scale of systemic killings.
- Fraudulent organ donations.
- Deceiving patients to cover up the true sources of organs and mitigate risks.
- The sources of black-market organs and hospital organs are identical[12].
- Examples from recordings.
Chapter 1: The Claim that All Organs Come from Citizen Donations is a Lie
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) announced that starting from January 1, 2015, it would cease using organs from executed prisoners, claiming that voluntary donations from Chinese citizens are the only legitimate source for organ transplantation. The Chinese Red Cross’s organ donation office is an official agency led by the State Council of the CCP[13].
Shockingly, after the cessation of using organs from death row inmates, the organ transplantation volume in 2015—the year this announcement was made—did not decrease; instead, it reached a new high[14]. Since 2015, the annual number of organ transplants in China has shown a steady upward trend. In 2015, there were 2,297 organ donors, resulting in the procurement of 6,428 major organs[15]; in 2016, 4,080 donors yielded 11,296 major organs[16]; and in 2017, 5,148 donors resulted in 16,000 major organs, representing an increase of 25.9% compared to 2016[17] and 124% compared to 2015. These figures are only those officially reported by the CCP. Evidence from WOIPFG indicates that since 2000, there has been an explosive increase in organ transplant volumes, numbers from just a few hospitals surpassed the officially reported transplants nationwide. Over 891 hospitals in China are involved in organ transplants, with each hospital’s actual transplant volume often being several times higher than the official figures, ranging from hundreds to thousands of transplants annually[18].
WOIPFG has found that the CCP's claim that all organ transplants come from citizen donations is a massive lie. The number of organ donations reported by various provincial and municipal Red Cross organizations is significantly lower than the officially published figures and even further below the actual transplantation numbers. In some cities with massive transplant volumes, the number of organ donations is reported as zero, with Beijing being a typical example[19]. To cover up the crimes of live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners and other political prisoners, the CCP intentionally exaggerates the number of donated organs while minimizing the actual transplant volumes.
Below are some key data and investigative evidence from several major provinces and municipalities. For more detailed results, please refer to the international report "Ironclad Irrefutable Evidence. [20]"
I. Beijing
Beijing, the capital of China, is also the city with the most organ transplant hospitals. According to a list of 178 organ transplant hospitals published by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China[21] on February 11, 2018[22], Beijing has 23 of these hospitals, which perform the highest volume of organ transplants. For instance, Peking University People's Hospital has reported completing over 4,000 liver and kidney transplants in a single year[23]. As reported by the "Chinese Red Cross website," by the end of 2022, there were only slightly over 170,000 registered volunteers for organ donation in Beijing, resulting in just over 3,100 actual organ donations[24].
On December 6, 2015, WOIPFG conducted a phone investigation with the Beijing Red Cross.
A staff from member stated that the Red Cross donation program was still in preparation and had not yet started.
(Investigation phone call on December 6, 2015: 861063558766)
(Recording 1 Download:MP3,Transcription:Appendix 12)
From August to September 2018, WOIPFG conducted another phone investigation regarding the organ donation situation of the Beijing Red Cross Society. The results indicated that the organ donation office of the Beijing Red Cross, located in the capital, had been established for several years but remained in the preparatory stage, with no actual organ donation work having commenced. Its subordinate district-level Red Cross Societies had not set up organ donation offices and had not undertaken any actual organ donation activities, limited only to promotional efforts. However, the CCP claims that "voluntary donations from Chinese citizens are the only legal source for organ transplants" and announced that "as of January 1, 2015, organs from executed prisoners will no longer be used." Thus, the vast number of transplant organs in Beijing clearly comes from illegal sources. Where do these organs come from?
1. Phone Inquiry with Wang Zhaohui, Head of Organ Donation at the Beijing Red Cross Society
On September 6, 2018, an investigator from WOIPFG, posing as a family member of a patient, called Wang Zhaohui, the head of organ donation at the Beijing Red Cross Society, to inquire about transplant donors. Wang seemed enthusiastic and indicated that he was "very familiar" with the transplant department directors at various hospitals in Beijing, suggesting he could facilitate finding a donor. Wang mentioned that he was at the organ donation preparatory office and that the Beijing Red Cross Society had not yet started actual organ donation work.
When asked about the state of organ donation in Beijing, Wang replied, "I haven't been involved in their (the hospitals’) donation process yet; generally, the hospitals handle it themselves and look for donors themselves." He stated, "The Red Cross and the Health Commission, we haven't collaborated yet; it's typically the hospitals that do it themselves."
The investigator pressed Wang, "Are you saying that the organ donation office of the Beijing Red Cross Society has not officially started participating in actual donations yet, right?" Wang replied affirmatively, "Yes, yes, yes, because I am in the preparatory office, the organ donation office hasn't been established yet."
When asked when they might be ready, Wang initially said, "I don't know," then added, "Because Beijing has many hospitals, our situation is special, so this work hasn't started yet." He further stated, "Now the country is all like that; we'll see how to proceed next, just wait and see."
When Wang recommended Beijing General Hospital of Armed Police Forces for the investigator’s relative’s organ transplantation, the investigator asked if the General Hospital of Armed Police Forces had better sources for organs. Wang said, "It's not about better sources; as a military hospital, it operated the most here in Beijing." He clarified, "The General Hospital of Armed Police Forces is a military hospital, and the military operated the most."
2. Investigation of Organ Donation by Red Cross societies in six major administrative districts under Beijing Municipality
At the same time, WOIPFG investigators conducted related phone surveys with the six district-level Red Cross Societies in Beijing. The results aligned with Wang's statements.
The six district-level Red Cross Societies investigated were: Haidian, Xicheng, Dongcheng, Chaoyang, Shijingshan, and Fengtai. These six districts are the main urban areas of Beijing and also host the 23 organ transplant hospitals in the city. According to the principle of priority in organ donation allocation, these districts should be the main areas for organ donation activities.
The investigation into the six district-level Red Cross Societies indicated:
- The district-level Red Cross Societies in Beijing do not have organ donation offices. The Red Cross system in Beijing has not initiated organ donation operations, limited to minimal promotional activities. Donors are told to register online.
- The district-level Red Cross Societies have not engaged in actual organ donations because the municipal Red Cross Society has not deployed this work or made specific arrangements.
- If someone calls wanting to donate an organ or body, they are given the contact information for three medical schools’ body reception stations or told to contact hospitals for donation.
3. Results of Investigation in Beijing
Who should be responsible for managing " citizen’s voluntary and gratuitous organ donation"? In January 2010, the former Ministry of Health sent a letter, namely “Letter on entrusting the Red Cross Society of China to carry out work related to human organ donation to the Chinese Red Cross Society”, stating that organ donation work was the responsibility of the Chinese Red Cross Society.
However, despite the Beijing Red Cross Society’s organ donation office being established for years, it remains in the preparatory phase and has never commenced actual organ donation work.
Beijing has 23 Grade 3A hospitals with transplant qualifications, among which the Beijing General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, 302 Hospital, Chaoyang Hospital, Friendship Hospital, You'an Hospital, and Peking University People's Hospital are major transplant centers, with conservative estimates of several thousand liver and kidney transplants annually. Yet, these donor organs do not come from the Beijing Red Cross Society’s donation channels. The Chinese government stipulates that the Chinese Red Cross Society is the only legal source for donated organs; thus, the vast number of transplanted organs in Beijing each year clearly has illegal sources.
The results of this investigation into organ donations at the Beijing Red Cross have once again exposed the CCP’s lie that all transplant organs come from voluntary citizen donations.
Investigation Subject: Wang Zhaohui, Director of the Organ Donation Preparation Office, Beijing Red Cross Society
Investigation Date: September 6, 2018 (Phone: +86-18910670191)
Summary:
Wang Zhaohui: "I am in the preparation office. The Organ Donation Office hasn’t been established yet. Currently, our Red Cross and the Health and Family Planning Commission haven't started collaborating; hospitals usually handle this themselves. Our situation is special, so the work hasn't started yet. The country is pushing forward, so we'll see what the next steps are, I don’t know how to put it yet!”
(Recording 2. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 120)
Investigation Subject: Beijing Haidian District Red Cross Society Official
Investigation Date: August 31, 2018 (Phone: +86-1068317551)
Summary:
Officer-on-duty: "The organ donation work in Beijing is still in the preparation stage and has not been carried out for six years. It was only recently officially set up, but no donation work has started this year, and it won’t start this year. Our district is mainly responsible for publicity work; other tasks have not been implemented yet."
(Recording 3. Download: MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 121)
Investigation Subject: Beijing Xicheng District Red Cross Society Official
Investigation Date: September 14, 2018 (Phone: +86-1083975423)
Summary:
Red Cross official: "Here, we only have contact information for three organ donation reception stations. When people call, we just give them those three numbers. We do not have an organ donation office at our level."
(Recording 4. Download: MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 122)
Investigation Subject: Beijing Dongcheng District Red Cross Society
Investigation Date: September 17, 2018 (Phone: +86-1087556904)
Summary:
Red Cross official: "We do not have an organ donation office. The Red Cross at the district and county levels is responsible for publicity. The Beijing Red Cross Society also does not have an organ donation office; they are also responsible for promoting organ donations."
(Recording 5. Download: MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 123)
Investigation Subject: Ms. Sun, Beijing Chaoyang District Red Cross Society Office
Investigation Date: September 20, 2018 (Phone: +86-1065094673)
Summary:
Ms. Sun: "Regarding organ donation, the Beijing Red Cross Society does not have this service. We only deal with body donation, not organ donation. For organ donation, you still have to contact major hospitals. We do not have direct contact with hospitals due to the different nature of our work. We only accept the arrangements from the Beijing Red Cross Society, and currently, they have assigned us three hospitals, for body donation."
Investigation Subject: Beijing Shijingshan District Red Cross Society
Investigation Date: September 20, 2018 (Phone: +86-1068606619)
Summary:
Red Cross official: " Our job is to provide phone registration and contact information for body donation. The district-level Red Cross Society does not handle organ donations because the municipal Red Cross Society does not have this service, and they do not typically handle this kind of work."
(Recording 7. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 125)
Investigation Subject: Beijing Fengtai District Red Cross Society
Investigation Date: September 20, 2018 (Phone: +86-1063824717)
Summary:
Red Cross official: "None of the districts in Beijing are currently handling organ donation, and this service has not been launched yet."
(Recording 8. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 126)
Investigation Subject: Staff Member of the Beijing Red Cross Society Body Donation Coordination Office
Investigation Date: September 21, 2018 (Phone: +86-1063558266)
Summary:
Staff Member: "Body and organ donation are handled by two different departments. Wang Zhaohui is responsible for organ donation, and his explanation should be the most accurate source of reference. He handles the organ donation aspect."
(Recording 9. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 127)
Investigation Subject: Peking Union Medical College Body Donation Reception Station
Donation Date: August 30, 2018 (Phone: +86-1069156975)
Summary:
Red Cross Officer: "Beijing does not accept body or organ donations from other provinces or cities.” “Donations must be made locally."
(Recording 10. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 128)
Investigation Subject: Capital Medical University Body Donation Reception Station
Donation Date: September 6, 2018 (Phone: +86-1083911443)
Summary:
Jing Peng: "As for organ donation, Beijing has not launched this service. Many hospitals do have organ donation programs, but many don’t go through the Red Cross Society!"
(Recording 11. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 129)
2) Organ Transplant Situations in Beijing Hospitals
There are a total of 23 organ transplant hospitals in Beijing, and they perform a significant volume of transplants. The following provides an example using the Beijing General Hospital of Armed Police Forces.
According to a report on the Armed Police Forces General Hospital remote website dated September 5, 2005, the liver transplant center at the Armed Police Forces General Hospital has achieved numerous records within just over two years since its establishment in May 2003, including the highest annual total number of surgeries, the highest surgical success rate, and the oldest and youngest organ recipients, setting multiple records both within the military and across China[25].
Examples of phone investigation recordings
Investigation Subject: Nurse, Liver Transplant Ward (8th Floor), General Hospital of Armed Police Forces
Investigation Date: February 8, 2018 (Phone: +861057976180)
Summary:
Liver transplants are done frequently; liver transplant surgeries are performed every day.
(Recording 12. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 130)
Investigation Subject: A doctor-on-duty, Kidney Transplant Office, General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Beijing
Investigation Date: March 29, 2017 (Phone: +86-10-57976857)
Summary:
The kidney transplant doctor said in 2017: "There are two teams for kidney transplants. One team can perform over 200 cases a year; both teams together can do over 500 transplants. This year, it’s slightly more than last year. The liver transplant team has several directors overseeing it and performs even more transplants."
(Recording 13. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 131)
Investigation Subject: Liver Transplant Office, General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Beijing
Investigation Date: March 20, 2018 (Phone: +861057976858)
Summary:
Doctor: "Currently, there are many liver sources and many transplants are being performed. The waiting time is about two weeks, with a maximum wait of one month."
(Recording 14. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 132)
Investigation Subject: Wang Jianli, Associate Chief Physician, Organ Transplantation Research Institute, General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Beijing
Investigation Date: November 2, 2018 (Phone: +86-13911723417)
Summary:
Wang Jianli: "The exact timing is uncertain, but we have plenty of organs here! Surgeries can usually be arranged in about one or two weeks."
(Recording 15. Play/Download MP3, Transcript Download: 2.pdf))
Investigation Subject: Doctor, Liver Transplant Office, Organ Transplantation Research Institute, General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Beijing
Investigation Date: June 14, 2016 (Phone: +86-1057976858)
Summary:
Doctor: "Generally, if everything goes smoothly, patients can be discharged 20 days after surgery. We perform transplants every month, and last month, our team alone did 6 surgeries. We have 4 to 5 teams. 'Recently, as long as you want to stay...,' if it's fast, 'it could be done immediately,' but typically, if it's slower, the wait could be over a month."
(Recording 16. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf 133)
Investigation Subject: Li Gong, Liver Transplant Doctor, General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Beijing
Investigation Date: October 11, 2015
Summary:
Doctor Li Gong: "Currently, liver transplants can be performed as quickly as two weeks; over 300 cases have been done this year. There were many cases last year as well, and now there are especially many patients and liver sources."
(Recording 17. Download MP3 , Transcript Download: pdf 134)
Other Relevant References
On October 16, 2018, Chen Xinguo, the head of the liver transplant department at the Beijing Armed Police Forces General Hospital, was suspected of using Falun Gong practitioners as donors[26].
On November 2, 2018, Wang Jianli, the deputy head of the liver transplant department at the same hospital, admitted to using Falun Gong practitioners as donors[27].
The Organ Transplant Research Institute of Peking University is a collaboration among five medical institutions affiliated with Peking University, including Peking University First Hospital, Peking University People's Hospital, and Peking University Third Hospital[28]. It was established in October 2001 and is currently the largest organ transplant medical institution in the country[29].
Investigation Subject: Doctor, Kidney Transplant Office, Peking University Third Hospital
Investigation Date: August 29, 2017
Summary:
"We have 11 medical teams for kidney transplants, and all of them can perform surgeries."
(Recording 18. Download MP3, Complete Recording Transcript: pdf 70) [30]
Additional Reference
In September 2013, Zhu Jiye, Director of the Organ Transplantation Research Institute at Peking University and Chief of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at Peking University People's Hospital, stated in an interview with China Economic Weekly: "Before the pilot program began in 2010, our hospital had performed 4,000 liver and kidney transplants within a year. [31]"
Investigation Subject: Doctor Bu[32], Liver Transplant, Beijing Friendship Hospital (Phone: +861063139335)
Investigation Date: February 8, 2018
Summary:
Doctor: "Last year, we performed over 300 liver transplants, and we've done quite a few this year as well. Most of the liver donors come from patients with neurological conditions, such as those in neurology and neurosurgery, or patients with brain hemorrhages."
(Recording 19. Play and Download MP3, Complete Recording Transcript: pdf)
Investigation Subject: Doctor, Liver Transplant, Beijing Friendship Hospital
Investigation Date: August 30, 2020
Summary:
"Now, we perform liver transplants every week. On average, we do about 200 cases a year. [33]"
(Recording 20. Download MP3, Transcript Download: pdf18)
Other Relevant References
The hospital's scale is continuously expanding, with the transplant center relocating entirely to the Tongzhou District.
The Transplant Center of Beijing Friendship Hospital, affiliated with Capital Medical University, has fully moved to the Tongzhou campus and added international medical services[34]. The Tongzhou campus had a trial opening on December 22, 2018, at 8 AM, with an initial phase of 800 beds gradually opening[35]. By December 2021, 702 beds were already in use. The second phase of the project is planned to be put into operation in 2023, with a total bed capacity reaching 1,050.
II. Shanghai
According to the "Chinese Red Cross Society" website, in 2010, Shanghai began planning organ donation work as one of the first 11 pilot provinces and cities in the country. In 2012, the Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission and the Shanghai Red Cross Society officially started collaborating on human organ donation efforts. In 2013, Shanghai recorded its first donor, reaching the 100th case in 2015, the 500th case in 2018, and surpassing 1,000 cases by 2022[36].
The organ donation volume reported by the Shanghai Red Cross Society is far lower than the city's organ transplant numbers. Shanghai has 11 organ transplant hospitals, with a massive annual volume of organ transplants. For example, Shanghai First People's Hospital has a high transplant volume, and both the hospital director[37] and doctors[38] have repeatedly admitted to using Falun Gong practitioners as donors.
1.Telephone Investigation on Organ Donation at the Shanghai Red Cross Society
Only 5 Organ Donations Successfully Completed in Shanghai
December 17, 2015, Phone: +86-63365880
An employee from the Shanghai Huangpu District Red Cross Organ Donation Office said that this work began only in the first half of last year. There are official documents related to the initiative, but organ donation is very difficult. So far, only 5 successful organ donations have been completed in all of Shanghai.
(Recording 21 Download: MP3, Transcript: See Appendix 14)
September 23, 2020
Shanghai Xuhui District (1.11 million people) Red Cross Organ Donation Office:
We do not have any organs available for hospitals to use for transplants. In all these years, there has not been a single case. Many of the donors are elderly or elderly people who are sick, and their organs generally cannot be used. Their bodies are usually used for medical research or teaching purposes.
(Recording 22 Download: MP3, Transcript Download: pdf35)
September 23, 2020
Shanghai Huangpu District (6.78 million people) Red Cross Organ Donation Office:
Why do we need to strongly encourage donations? Because they are so few. Healthy and usable donated organs are extremely rare, the probability is very small. It's not like car accidents happen every day! But even when accidents occur, the families may not necessarily agree to donate. Many are unwilling to donate. There are a lot of traffic accidents, and many people die in them every day in Shanghai, but those who are willing to donate are extremely rare, almost non-existent. Only in cases of accidental deaths, when the organs are healthy, can they be used; otherwise, they are not useful.
(Recording 23 Download: MP3, Transcript Download: pdf34)
December 29, 2020
Shanghai Yangpu District (1.24 million people) Red Cross Organ Donation Office:
Organ donation, from registration to actual donation, are two different concepts. The person may have registered, but how can we predict when they will pass away? This cannot be calculated. Think then, is the data still useful? There also needs to be a medical evaluation to assess whether the organs can be used after the person passes away. The Red Cross has no authority over hospitals. The coordination of Grade 3A hospitals is beyond the scope of the district (Red Cross) office.
(Recording 24 Download: MP3, Transcript Download: pdf68)
2. Survey on Organ Transplants in Hospitals in Shanghai
Survey Subject: Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Fudan University
Liver Transplantation, Dr. Zheng
Survey Date: October 23, 2017 (+86 2152887174)
Summary:
Dr. Zheng performs around 200 liver transplants annually, and he had nearly completed 200 cases this year. This year will see more cases than last year. In principle, the source of liver donations is confidential...
(Recording 25. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 139)
Survey Subject: A doctor-on-duty, Shanghai Fudan University Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Liver Transplantation Department
Survey Date: June 25, 2018 (+86 2152887174)
Summary:
The doctor-on-duty said many liver transplants are performed, with over 200 expected this year. Last week, they completed four surgeries.
Investigator: Can we find young, healthy donors?
Doctor: This is something, regarding the specifics, you’ll need to come over and discuss with our transplant group’s professor (Director Wang Zhengxin).
...
(Recording 26. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 140)
Survey Subject: Liver Transplant Doctor, Second Military Medical University Affiliated Changhai Hospital
Survey Date: June 1, 2018 (+86 2131161855)
Summary:
Last year, over 100 liver transplants were performed, and 500 to 600 kidney transplants were completed. Today, they were performing two liver and two kidney transplants. Liver sources would be available in about 10 to 15 days. The cost for a liver transplant is one million RMB, and a kidney transplant costs 500,000 RMB. For organ donors, they can arrange it for you. Liver and kidney donors could be secured in 10 days, and surgeries were being done every day. Our hospital doesn’t perform as many transplants as Renji Hospital.
...
(Recording 27. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 141)
Survey Subject: Nurse, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Organ Transplant Department
Survey Date: December 20, 2017 (+86 2131162866)
Summary:
Nurse: Kidney transplants are continuously being performed, with over 300 done this year. The transplant center was established in March 2016, and over 700 kidney transplants were performed in the first year. By October of the previous year, over 300 kidney transplants had been completed. They also performed more than 100 liver transplants this year.
...
(Recording 28. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 142)
Survey Subject: Zhu Youhua, Director of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Kidney Transplant Organ Transplant Center
Survey Date: January 29, 2016 (+8613901743189)
Summary:
Zhu Youhua: Kidney transplants are done every day; we are performing surgeries right now and haven't finished yet. "This is not just our hospital; other hospitals are also doing many transplants."
(Recording 29. Download MP3, transcript can be found in pdf 143)
Survey Subject: Shanghai Renji Hospital Liver Transplant Doctor, Kong Defu
Survey Date: March 18, 2017 (+86 18817667836)
Summary:
Kong Defu: In 2016, we performed about 700 liver transplants.
(Recording 30. Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 144)
Survey Subject: Hang Hualian, Deputy Director of the Liver Transplant Center, Shanghai Renji Hospital
Survey Date: November 8, 2018 (Recording referenced in Chapter 1, Recording 8)
Summary:
Hang Hualian: Come see me tomorrow, and I’ll try to get it sorted for you within a week!
Investigator: You’re using Falun Gong donors now, right?
Hang Hualian: Yes, absolutely[39].
(Recording 31. Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in 8.pdf)
Other references
Shanghai Renji Hospital Organ Transplant Center has a Class 100 laminar flow operating room capable of performing six liver transplants simultaneously, as well as a Class 10,000 laminar flow ward[40]. In 2014, the liver surgery department at Renji Hospital had three wards, 110 beds, and over 70 medical staff. It has become a national clinical key specialty department, a national ‘Project 211’ key construction discipline department, a national clinical pharmacology agency and Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission’s key clinical medicine discipline department.”[41]
Tan Jianming is the director of the Clinical Medical Center for Organ Transplantation in Shanghai[42]. In 2003, he performed a kidney transplant for a patient at Shanghai First People's Hospital, and he performed tissue-matching tests for the patient with eight spare kidneys prior to the transplant operation[43]. As of June 2014, Tan had overseen over 4,200 kidney transplants[44]. Li Wengang[45], a doctor in the hepatobiliary surgery department at Xiamen's 174 Hospital, stated in an investigative phone call in April 2017: "Peng Zhihai from Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s transplant center has been here for a few days, preparing for surgery at Xiamen University. Director Peng has completed over 5,000 cases (of liver transplants), with more than 400 performed each year in previous years."
On December 29, 2017, Renji Hospital announced that the number of liver transplant surgeries exceeded 800 that year. On August 23, 2017, Xia Qiang's team also reported another statistic: Renji Hospital’s liver transplant center completed 1,000 pediatric liver transplant surgeries[46].
According to reports on the hospital's official website, by November 2021, Shanghai Renji Hospital had completed over 6,100 liver transplant surgeries, maintaining the highest number of liver transplants in the country for ten consecutive years. In 2006, the first specialized pediatric liver transplant team in the country was formed, consisting of transplant surgeons, pediatric surgeons, pediatric anesthesiologists, and intensive care specialists, and it has performed over 2,700 pediatric liver transplants. It is also the hospital with the most pediatric liver transplants performed at a single center in the world over the past eight years[47].
According to Xinhuanet, as of November 2022, the number of liver transplants performed by Shanghai Renji Hospital's hepatobiliary surgery department ranks first in the country for 11 consecutive years, and the number of pediatric liver transplants performed in a single center ranks first in the world for 9 consecutive years[48]. The hospital went from the first child liver transplant in October 2006 to the 1,000th in August 2017, to the 2,000th in October 2019, and to the 3,000th in October 2022. It took eleven years for the first 1,000 liver transplants for children, and only three years for the third 1,000 cases[49]!
In a report by Sina News in 2013, it was stated that "the increasing number of surgeries is turning Renji Hospital into the largest liver transplant center in the country. [50]" Based on this statement, Renji Hospital needed to surpass Tianjin First Center Hospital’s organ transplant center, which had already held the highest liver transplant numbers at that time, with nearly 10,000 liver transplants publicly reported in 2014[51]. According to People.cn, Shanghai Renji Hospital led the formation of the first Pediatric Organ Transplant Professional Committee in the country.
This only highlights a portion of the transplant situation at one hospital designated by the Ministry of Health, which far exceeds the official organ donation figures reported for the entire city.
On May 11, 2011, Wu Mengchao, the former director of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, and his student Wang Hongyang accepted an interview with Sina. Host Yin Jun asked, "What is the current level of liver transplantation in our country?" Wu Mengchao replied, "We now perform the highest number of liver transplants in the world, with good quality and outcomes, having reached international standards. [52]" The hospital has 742 beds[53], and its department navigation indicates that at least seven of the 11 surgical departments can perform liver transplants, including Special Needs Treatment Department I[54], Liver Transplantation Department[55], Liver Surgery I[56], Biliary Tracts I[57], Liver Surgery III[58], Liver Surgery V[59], Biliary Tract II[60]. Due to busy business, the hospital opened a new site at the end of 2015, with 1,500 beds[61], doubling its number of beds.
On April 30, 2022, a surgical ward nurse at Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital said: "We haven't stopped our services; we are performing liver transplants and can receive patients normally. Our hospital directors, Zhou Jian and Fan Jia, are leading the surgeries, with other doctors assisting. Last year, we performed over 300 liver transplants."
(Recording 32. Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf99)
III. Tianjin City
According to official reports from the Communist Party of China, in 2010, Tianjin completed 6 organ donations, resulting in 11 major organs donated. By 2019, these figures increased to 467 donations and 1,806 organs. Additionally, as of January 2021, the cumulative number of registered organ donation volunteers in Tianjin reached 26,211, with 1,326 actual organ donations completed[62].
The organ donation figures from the Tianjin Red Cross are significantly lower than the city's organ transplant volumes. For instance, the annual liver and kidney transplant volume at Tianjin First Center Hospital exceeds 5,000 cases[63], with doctors repeatedly acknowledging the use of Falun Gong practitioners as organ donors.
1. Telephone Survey on the Tianjin Red Cross Society
The staff at the Tianjin Red Cross Society said that since the establishment of the organ donation registry in 2003, more than 170 donations have been made.
(as of December 2015, Survey Phone Number: +86 22 2731 1180).
(Recording 33 Download: MP3, Transcript: Appendix 13)
The person-on-duty at the Human Organ Donation Center of the Red Cross Society of China, Tianjin Branch (November 9, 2017) said, “A total of over 3,000 people have been registered for organ donation in the past few years. It only shows their willingness to donate organs after death. In Tianjin, there were actual over 100 donation cases in 2016, and so is this year. This does not mean that all the organs in their bodies were donated. Some parts couldn’t be used, and some parts were not donated.” [64]
(Recording 34. Download MP3: Transcript Download: pdf 135)
2. Survey on Organ Transplants in Hospitals in Tianjin
October 17, 2017
On the 6th floor of the Dongfang Organ Transplantation Building, Dr. Feng from the Kidney Transplant Department said that they perform around 400 to 500 kidney transplants annually, similar to liver transplants.
(Recording 35. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 136)
May 4, 2018
A liver transplant doctor on the 8th floor said in a survey call that they perform 400 to 500 liver transplants annually, with multiple teams working on the procedures.
The investigator asked a liver transplant doctor: "Can you perform over 1,000 cases each year?"
The answer: "Not just that! We have several teams, and each of our teams performs several hundred cases! Should be more than that."
(Recording 36. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 137)
May 8, 2018
Another liver transplant doctor on the 8th floor said during a survey call: "There are many liver donors, we perform surgeries every day, and each director leads a team."
The investigator asked: "How many transplant teams do you have?"
The response was "Ten~" and then quickly corrected: "Ah, everything is going really well!"
(Recording 37. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 138)
The Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Center Hospital was established in 1998 by Shen Zhongyang, and the Tianjin Organ Transplant Institute was founded in 2002. After the new building was put into use in September 2006, the number of beds increased to 500 (some reports indicate that it reached 700 at this time[65]), allowing the transplant surgical center to perform 9 liver transplants and 8 kidney transplants simultaneously[66]. In 2013, the bed occupancy rate reached 131.1%, an increase of 5.7% compared to the previous year[67]. The average length of stay for liver transplant patients was 25 to 30 days[68]. Based on this data, it can be estimated that the transplant center performed up to 7,975 liver and kidney transplants annually. （500×365×131.1%/30）
In March 2014, the Tianjin Health Bureau stated on its website that Tianjin First Center Hospital is currently the largest organ transplant base in Asia and is the origin of clinical liver transplantation in China, as well as the "transplant technology application base" for Tianjin. The hospital currently has over 1,500 beds. By the end of 2015, the third phase of renovation and expansion was completed, increasing the total number of beds to 3,200[69].
On January 1, 2015, the "Tonight’s Media Group" reported, "Under Shen Zhongyang's guidance, the former junior doctors have independently completed nearly a thousand liver transplants each. [70]" Investigations by World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) revealed that the Eastern Organ Transplant Center has a total of 110 doctors involved in liver and kidney transplants, including 46 chief physicians and 13 attending physicians. The large number of transplant surgeons allows for the formation of multiple liver and kidney transplant teams.
In 2006, Song Wenli, the director of the transplant center at Tianjin First Center Hospital, admitted to using Falun Gong practitioners as organ donors[71].
On November 15, 2018, Bai Rongsheng, an assistant to Director Shen Zhongyang and a liver transplant doctor, also acknowledged the use of Falun Gong practitioners as organ donors[72].
4. Guangdong ProvinceAccording to official reports from the Chinese Communist Party, the Guangdong Provincial Red Cross Society reported that in 2022, the province completed 753 organ donations. Since the official launch of organ donation pilot programs in 2010, Guangdong has cumulatively completed 6,752 organ donations over the past 13 years[73]. Currently, there are 19 hospitals in Guangdong with qualifications for organ transplantation[74].
The volume of organ donations reported by the Guangdong Provincial Red Cross is significantly lower than the number of organ transplants performed in the province. Guangdong has 17 transplant hospitals, and just the transplant volume reported by Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital exceeds the aforementioned donation figures. A report from Xin Kuaibao on October 9, 2010, stated that by that time, the number of patients receiving liver and kidney transplants at Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital had reached into the tens of thousands[75].
1. Telephone Survey on Organ Donation
Survey Subject: Guangdong Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office
Date: November 2, 2017
Summary:
Staff on-duty: In recent years, there have been several hundred donation cases, ranking first in the country. However, only a portion of the donations are used for transplants. Donors are often patients, and the quality of their organs must be assessed. Sometimes the liver cannot be used, and sometimes the kidneys cannot be used. The organs used by Guangdong hospitals are not necessarily all witnessed by us.
(Recording 38. Play and Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 145) [76]
Shenzhen City
Survey Subject: Red Cross Organ Donation Staff, Gao Min
Date: March 9, 2016 (+86 1314879 9308)
Summary:
Gao Min: Even if someone wants to donate, it may not be possible. The vast majority of donations do not go through. Organ donation has many limitations and conditions[77].
(Recording 39. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 183)
Jiangmen City
On June 8, 2021, Dr. Ouyang from Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangmen, Guangdong, stated: "Actually, performing this surgery isn’t difficult; it’s just that we don’t have the qualifications, and we can’t obtain kidney sources. The kidney sources that Zhongshan Hospital accesses are of good quality, and they have a wide range of sources. In the past, it was easy to obtain organs; they often came from unclaimed cases or those who died in prison. It was relatively easier to get those. The big players in Guangzhou said that the quality of kidney sources has been poor in recent years. First, there haven’t been many donations; that’s the first issue. Secondly, there are very few cases where organs are unclaimed. Also, there are kidneys sourced from those who were executed in prison. [78]"
(Recording 40 download: MP3, transcript download: pdf76)
2. Telephone Survey on Organ Transplants in Guangdong Province Hospitals
Survey Subject: Dr. Han from the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou
Survey Date: June 30, 2015
Summary:
When Dr. Han heard that Huang Jiefu performed more than 500 liver transplants annually, he responded: "We are currently doing over 1,500 cases[79]!"
(Recording 41. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 146)
Survey Subject: Dr. Su Yu, Urology Department Kidney Transplant Specialist, Guangzhou Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital
Survey Date: August 2, 2017
Summary:
Su Yu: Our kidney sources are the most extensive! As of now, we've already surpassed 300 cases. By July alone, we had over 300 cases. The biggest feature of our hospital is the use of living donors, particularly brain-dead patients. Where do the organs come from? I dare not speak carelessly about that!
(Recording 42. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 147) [80]
Survey Subject: Kidney Transplant Doctor, Guangzhou Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital
Survey Date: June 7, 2018 (+86-2034152559)
Summary:
Doctor: Last year, we performed around 400 to 500 kidney transplants. This year, we've already done 200 to 300 cases. For other inquiries, please come to the hospital.
(Recording 43. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 148)
Survey Subject: Dr. Guo Xuekun[81], Kidney Transplant Specialist, Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou
Survey Date: January 9, 2016 (+86-13580325531)
Summary:
Today we just did one kidney transplant. Over the past few days, we've performed 7 kidney transplants. The organ donors are local, and the liver transplant doctors are responsible for retrieving the organs.
(Recording 44. Download MP3, Transcript: PDF attachment 2)
Survey Subject: Liver Transplant Doctor, Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou
Survey Date: October 27, 2017 (+86-20-82179622)
Summary:
Liver transplants are done frequently here, but I cannot tell you exactly how many cases. Please consult with the professor for details.
(Recording 45. Play and Download MP3, full recording transcript can be found in pdf 3) [82]
Survey Subject: Nurse Luo from the Liver Transplant Ward[83], Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital (Lingnan Hospital), Guangzhou
Survey Date: December 18, 2019 (+86-20-82179000)
Summary:
Our hospital is a specialized liver disease hospital, and what we perform are all liver transplants. There are two Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospitals in Guangzhou; we are Lingnan Hospital, located in Huangpu. We are the largest transplant center in Lingnan and perform more than 200 liver transplants a year.
(Recording 46. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 185)
Survey Subject: Liver Transplant Doctor from the Liver Transplant Ward[84], Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital (Lingnan Hospital)
Survey Date: October 2, 2019 (+86-20-82179622)
Summary:
Our hospital performed 376 liver transplants last year, ranking third in the country. In Guangdong Province, we are the best in liver transplants. The number of surgeries performed largely depends on the availability of liver donors.
(Recording 47. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 112)
Survey Subject: Nurse from the Liver Transplant Ward[85], Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou
Survey Date: May 19, 2020 (+86-20-82179633)
Summary:
- Director Yi Shuhong is performing the surgeries.
- We ranked third in the country for liver transplants last year.
- Investigator: So, the number of cases must have been in the hundreds last year, being third in the country, right?
Answer: Yes, yes, yes.
(Recording 48. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf074)
Survey Subject: Nurse from the Liver Transplant Ward[86], Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital (Lingnan Hospital), Guangzhou
Survey Date: October 1, 2019 (+86-20-8217900)
Summary:
All the doctors in our department are chief physicians, and each director has a team of professors. We perform around 200 to 300 liver transplants a year.
(Recording 49. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 110)
Survey Subject: Nurse Luo from the Liver Transplant Ward[87], Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital (Lingnan Hospital), Guangzhou
Survey Date: December 18, 2019 (+86-20-82179000)
Summary:
We have several professors who perform liver transplants. There are two Professor Zhangs: Professor Zhang Tong and Professor Zhang Yingcai. We also have an associate professor and Director Yi Shuhong, who has been in charge since the establishment of the department.
(Recording 50. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 185)
Survey Subject: Dr. Zeng, Attending Physician[88], Liver Transplant Department, Shenzhen Third Hospital
Survey Date: December 13, 2019 (+86-15012755716)
Summary:
We have a team of around ten doctors, divided into two groups. The main surgeons are Director Jiang and Director Zhao Dong, and the three of us are the primary surgeons. We are a new center, and the team originally came from Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital. The entire team moved here over three years ago.
(Recording 51. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 179)
Dr. Yi Shuhong, Director of the Liver Transplantation Center at Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, stated that in 2020, Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital (Lingnan Hospital) performed 218 liver transplants[89].
October 22, 2020, Kidney Transplant Doctor at Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou:
Despite the pandemic, we performed 20 transplants last month. Last year, we completed over 200 transplants[90].
(Recording 52. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf53)
October 25, 2020, Director Lin from the Liver Transplant Department, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital:
On average, we perform around 10 transplants a month, but sometimes we do 15 to 20. The pandemic didn’t have much impact; we’ve been consistently doing transplants[91].
(Recording 53. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf54)
October 29, 2020, Dr. Zhou Jiexue, Chief Physician of the Organ Transplant Department, Guangdong Second People's Hospital:
We have been continuously performing transplants. It’s not just one or two cases—we perform many every year. We have three to four teams working on this, and we are always on duty, without any break periods[92].
(Recording 54. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf55)
February 18, 2022, Nurse from the Kidney Transplant Department, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital:
We perform about 200 to 300 kidney transplants a year[93].
(Recording 55. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf85)
During an interview, Yu Xueqing, the president of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, stated that organ transplantation will be one of the key focuses of the hospital in the future. On December 3, 2020, the hospital established a medical charity fund that is open to patients of all ages and conditions, allowing financially disadvantaged patients to seek assistance for their organ transplantation needs. The hospital is also planning to renovate a 2,000-square-meter transplantation ward, which is expected to be operational in 18 months[94].
Five, Zhejiang Province
According to official reports from the Chinese Communist Party, as of the end of February 2023, Zhejiang Province had donated 2,130 human organs[95].
- Telephone Survey on Organ Donation Situation:
The organ donation numbers reported by the Zhejiang Province Red Cross are significantly lower than the organ transplantation volumes in the province. There are 8 transplantation hospitals in Zhejiang Province, and their self-reported transplantation numbers are several dozen times greater than the organ donations reported by the Red Cross.
Survey Subject: Head of the Organ Donation Management Center, Zhejiang Red Cross
Survey Date: April 20, 2017
Summary:
Head: There aren’t many organ donors. In 2016, there were just over 100 organ donations across the entire province, and some of them couldn’t be used.
(Recording 56. Download MP3, full transcript available in pdf 149)
Survey Subject: On-duty Staff at the Organ Donation Management Center, Zhejiang Red Cross
Survey Date: December 15, 2016 (+86 57185043999)
Summary:
On-duty Staff: Most people refuse to donate. If they didn’t refuse, there wouldn’t be such a small number of donations.
(Recording 57. Download MP3, full transcript available in pdf 191-2)
Survey Subject: Nurse from the Kidney Transplant Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Survey Date: August 1, 2017 (+86 57187236871)
Summary:
Nurse: We do a lot of kidney transplants here! If you’re waiting for a donated kidney, it’s very slow—at least 5 years before you get one!
(Recording 58. Download MP3, full transcript available in pdf 154)
September 1, 2020, Zhejiang Red Cross Organ Donation Office:
We’re there as witnesses. The hospital coordinators are the ones who find the donors and communicate with the families. How do we find a donor? You, as the family, will never know, and neither will we. We don’t know when an accident will happen or what it will look like.
(Recording 59. Download MP3, Transcript available in pdf19)
Ningbo City
Survey Subject: On-duty Staff at the Ningbo Red Cross Organ Donation Office
Survey Date: September 26, 2017 (+86 57489183496)
Summary:
We had 38 donations last year, and so far this year, we’ve had about 10 to 20 donations. As for Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, they perform around 200 to 300 kidney transplants a year.
(Recording 60. Download MP3, full transcript available in pdf 156)
2. Telephone Survey on Organ Transplantation in Zhejiang Province Hospitals:
Survey Subject: Nurse from the Kidney Transplant Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Survey Date: May 8, 2015 (+86 57187236871)
Summary:
Nurse: We performed over 300 kidney transplants last year, and we’ve done over 300 this year as well.
(Recording 61. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 150)
Survey Subject: On-duty Nurse at the Liver Transplant Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University
Survey Date: May 4, 2016 (+86 57187236736)
Summary:
Nurse: Our hospital does thousands of cases each year... Zheng Shusen is our director. We used to have live donor transplants. When asked about using "live donors," the nurse suggested registering quickly at the outpatient clinic.
(Recording 62. Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 151)
Survey Subject: Dr. Liang Jianzong, Liver Transplant Doctor, Zhejiang University International Hospital
Survey Date: July 25, 2016 (+86 13516703061)
Summary:
Liang Jianzong: If it’s an emergency, we will definitely perform the surgery immediately. We typically do 2 to 3 liver transplants per day. We do liver transplants every day. Liver transplantation is one of our hospital’s strengths, and it’s relatively easy to find liver donors.
(Recording 63. Download MP3, Full transcript available in pdf 152)
Survey Subject: Organ Coordinator Xie Qinfeng, Liver Transplant Department, Zhejiang University International Hospital
Survey Date: February 28, 2017 (+86 13968153957)
Summary:
Xie Qinfeng: The waiting time is usually about two weeks. Sometimes it’s quicker, and sometimes we can do it the next day, depending on the situation. Critical patients get priority. Last year, in the hospital’s first year, we did about 120 cases. Typically, we get liver donor news every other day. The liver sources mainly rely on the connections of our director, Zheng Shusen.
(Recording 64. Download MP3, Full transcript available in pdf 153)
Survey Subject: Nurse from the Kidney Transplant Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Survey Date: August 1, 2017 (+86 57187236871)
Summary:
Nurse: We do a lot of cases, an average of 30 to 40 cases per month.
Investigator: If you do 30 to 40 cases per month, can you do 400 to 500 cases a year?
Answer: Yes! But kidney donation takes time, it’s very slow, and you have to wait at least 5 years for a donor.
(Recording 65. Download MP3, Full transcript available in pdf 154)
Survey Subject: Nurse from the Kidney Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University
Survey Date: April 23, 2018 (+86 57187236871)
Summary:
Nurse: We do kidney transplants every day, and this year we’ve already done several hundred.
(Recording 66. Play and Download MP3, Full transcript available in pdf 155)
Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital officially opened on December 6, 2015. This is a private hospital established by Zheng Shusen, focusing on organ transplantation as its primary service.
According to the results of a specialized investigation by WOIPFG, from December 12, 2017 to May 20, 2018 alone, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital performed 546 cases of liver and kidney transplantation (306 liver transplants and 239 kidney transplants), consuming 561 organs (15 organs were abandoned). Among them, 10-20% were emergency organ transplants. The organ wait times were one to two weeks, with the shortest wait time being just one day. There were cases of organs awaiting patient surgeries and even excessive quantities of organs. The cost of kidney sources increased to be over 400,000 yuan (per organ), and the hospital guaranteed to provide young organ donors within one month. There were seven cases of second organ transplants on the same patients, and the intervals between both surgeries were only one to three days. In one case of liver transplantation, three donor livers were used within nine days. On February 10, 2018, four liver transplants and two kidney transplants were performed and completed on the same day[96].
According to official mainland Chinese media reports, from the afternoon of May 11, 2017 to May 12 noon time, the eight operating theatres at Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital were “all lit up”. Within 20 hours, they completed eight major organ transplant surgeries. One of the patients, surnamed Wu, waited only two days to receive a “donated” liver.[97] How is it possible for a private hospital, in operation for just over one year, to obtain so many donated organs with matched tissues on the same day?
As of October 13, 2022, the Lung Transplant Center at Wuxi People's Hospital has performed over 1,500 lung transplants since conducting its first lung transplant surgery in 2002[98]. Vice President Chen Jingyu of Wuxi People's Hospital stated in an interview after completing the "world's first double lung transplant surgery for a COVID-19 patient" in February 2020 that lung transplant surgeries are routine, with one being performed every two to three days; he had previously completed over 1,000 lung transplants[99]. In February 2022, Chen mentioned that in his 20 years of clinical work in lung transplantation, he personally performed around 1,500 lung transplants, including over 200 in 2021 alone[100].
From 2016 to 2022, the lung transplant team at Wuxi People's Hospital completed over 100 lung transplants each year, ranking first in Asia and among the top three in the world. They have the capacity to perform four lung transplant surgeries simultaneously and once completed six lung transplants within a 24-hour period[101].
Chapter Two: Doubts Surrounding Organ Donation Registration
The stark differences in the number of registered organ donors and organ waiting times between China and the U.S. indicate that the sources of organs in China cannot be explained by normal donation practices, suggesting that organs may come from other sources. Additionally, many registered organ donors in China may have been coerced or deceived into donating.
1. Significant Differences in Organ Donation Numbers and Waiting Times Between China and the U.S. indicate that the sources of organs in China cannot be explained by normal donation practices
United States: According to annual updates from Donate Life America, as of August 2022, 170 million Americans are registered to voluntarily donate organs after death. In 2021, 20,300 individuals donated organs, resulting in 41,000 transplant surgeries[102].
In the U.S., the average waiting time for liver and kidney transplants is currently 2 to 3 years, during which patients wait for organs. In contrast, the average waiting time in China is only 1 to 2 weeks or, at most, 1 to 2 months, with many emergency transplants occurring. Some can even be done overnight. It is common for organs to be available, waiting for patients[103].
Furthermore, regarding emergency liver transplants, the U.S. has a well-developed national distribution network that allows for simple procedures to retrieve and distribute organs after a donor's death, and it has only 6% classified as emergency liver transplants[104]. In contrast, China reports an emergency liver transplant rate of 26.6%[105], and hospitals often have expedited pathways for emergency patients, which cannot be explained by the limited and irregular organ donations.
Dr. Katrina Lantos Swett, Co-Chair of the 2022 International Religious Freedom Summit and former Chair of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), stated that even in the U.S., where voluntary organ donation systems are advanced, waiting times are measured in years and months, whereas in China, they are measured in days[106]. A 2007 report from the U.S. Department of Health indicated average waiting times of 2 years for liver transplants and 3 years for kidney transplants[107]. According to the "Gift of Life Donor Program" data from October 2023, the average waiting time for liver transplants in the U.S. is 11 months, and for kidney transplants, it is 5 years[108].
China: Between 2015 and 2022, the Chinese Communist Party publicly reported the following numbers of organ donations and transplants:
According to the report from the "China Human Organ Donation Management Center," as of November 1, 2023, the number of registered voluntary donors in China is 6,454,402, with a total of 48,594 completed donations[109].
Table 1: Publicly Reported Organ Donation and Transplant Numbers by the Chinese Communist Party from 2015 to 2022
|
Year |
Publicly Reported Organ Donations |
Publicly Reported Organ Transplants |
|
2015 |
2766 |
10057[110] |
|
2016 |
4080 |
1.3万[111] |
|
2017 |
5146 |
1.6万[112] |
|
2018 |
6302 |
20201[113] |
|
2019 |
5818 |
19454[114] |
|
2020 |
5222[115] |
17897[116] |
|
2021 |
5272 |
19326[117] |
|
2022 (Jan. to Oct.) |
4746[118] |
17141[119] |
|
2022 |
5628 |
20225[120] |
|
2023 |
6450[121] |
21,000 major organs |
Figure 1: Organ Donation Volume in China from 2015 to 2020 (Excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan)
According to international conventions, under normal circumstances, the mortality rate of registered donors is 7 per 1,000. Due to factors such as illness, unhealthy lifestyles, age, and the time lapse between death and organ retrieval, only 1–2% of registered deceased donors ultimately qualify to provide transplant organs. This means that the ratio of registered organ donors to the number of completed organ donations is between 0.007% and 0.014%. If this ratio is applied to the registered organ donors in China, the results are shown in the following table[122].
Table 2: Comparison of Officially Reported Voluntary Donation Registrations and Estimated Organ Donations Based on International Practices
|
Year |
As of date |
Registered Voluntary Donors |
Estimated Annual Organ Donations (by International Practices) |
|
2016 |
December 10, 2016 |
80780[123] |
5～11 |
|
2017 |
December 24, 2017 |
373536[124] |
26～52 |
|
2018 |
December 2, 2018 |
845599[125] |
59~118 |
|
2019 |
December 17, 2019 |
1730116[126] |
121～242 |
|
2020 |
December 29, 2020 |
2821460[127] |
197～395 |
|
2021 |
December 15, 2021 |
4164782[128] |
291～583 |
|
2022 |
January 3, 2023 |
5844142[129] |
409～819 |
|
2023 |
December 29, 2023 |
6649488[130] |
465～931 |
According to a report from the "China Human Organ Donation Management Center," as of December 29, 2023, the number of registered voluntary donors in China is 6,649,488. Based on the previously mentioned international standards, the actual number of organ donors in China should only be between 465 and 931. However, the official number of organ donations announced by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) for 2023 is 49,857, which is 53 to 107 times the estimated actual number of donors, showing a significant discrepancy.
In comparison, according to the annual update from Donate Life America, as of August 2022, 170 million Americans are registered to voluntarily donate organs after death, with 20,300 organ donations in 2021[131].
Why is there such a huge difference in organ donation rates between China and the U.S.? Normal citizen donations are random and cannot be planned. Unless there is a substantial number of particularly detained individuals available for immediate organ extraction, it would be impossible to meet such a large volume of emergency transplants and such short waiting times for organ acquisition.
Investigations indicate that the CCP's claim that all organ transplants are sourced from citizen donations is a massive lie. Organ donations through the Red Cross are very difficult to implement, with limited quantities that cannot effectively oversee organ donations. The reported organ donation numbers from provincial and municipal Red Cross societies are significantly lower than the official figures for organ donations, and far lower than the transplant volumes. In some cities with enormous organ transplant volumes, the number of organ donations is zero; Beijing is a typical example of this[132]. (See details in: Report, Chapter 1, Section 1, Beijing)
II. Forced Registration of Organ Donation
The Communist Party of China promotes and encourages organ donation, which is not genuinely voluntary from the public. Instead, the government coerces the people and uses temptation and deception to make them register for "voluntary" donation.
1. The Healthcare System Forces All Personnel to Register for Donation
Recently, a netizen posted a video stating that the Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Linshu City, Shandong Province, received a notification from the county's Red Cross and Health Bureau about jointly promoting the registeration for human organ donation. The notice requires all personnel in the healthcare system to register for voluntary organ donation. The netizen mentioned in the video that the hospital's director and deputy director have been very proactive in filling out the organ donation volunteer forms. The netizen stated, "There are about 300 to 400 employees; would anyone dare not to fill it out? Let’s ask everyone." On June 11, 2022, 1,062 medical staff from Zhongnan Hospital Huangmei Hospital registered as organ donation volunteers, making it the first medical institution in the country where all staff registered for organ donation[133].
2. Police at the Station Force Signing of Donation Agreement
In December 2023, Cao Wei, the leader of the Revive-ROC Freedom Party in North America, was forced to sign an organ donation agreement. In 2016, at the police station, police officers presented him with a form from the Chinese Red Cross for body donation and asked him to sign it. Cao Wei glanced at it but did not sign. The police then punched him in the face, handcuffed him, and beat him. When they got tired of beating him, they used a cigarette butt to burn him; when the cigarette butt went out, they used a pair of fire tongs to burn his stomach. Under this painful torture, Cao Wei was coerced into signing the organ donation agreement[134].
3. Users on TikTok Mysteriously Receive “Organ Donation” Notifications
According to reports, the “Love and Hope” TikTok mini-program was officially launched on June 9, 2020. By opening the TikTok app and searching for the “Love and Hope” mini-program or the “Love and Hope Organ Donation Volunteer Service Network,” users can access the registration interface and quickly complete their organ donation volunteer registration by filling in the relevant information. After registering, volunteers receive a dedicated Chinese organ donation volunteer registration card. A TikTok representative stated that since the mini-program launched, over 250,000 people have completed organ donation registrations through TikTok.
Data from the China Organ Transplant Development Foundation indicates that from July 2020 to October 2021, registrations through the “Love and Hope” TikTok mini-program accounted for 45% of the total online registrations during that period. A TikTok representative noted that after more than a year, TikTok became the third-largest source of total registrations on the “Love and Hope” platform, comprising 14% of all registrations. From early 2021 to November 27, the “Love and Hope” organ donation volunteer service website added 460,000 new registrations, with 200,000 completed through the TikTok mini-program, accounting for nearly half. TikTok has become the largest channel for organ donation volunteer registrations this year. For example, a short promotional video for organ donation posted on the official account of the China Organ Transplant Development Foundation on December 31, 2020 on TikTok, resulted in 48,968 new registrations in a single day, far exceeding the daily average[135].
On November 18, 2023, many college students reportedly received messages on the TikTok platform stating that they had completed registration for “voluntary organ donation.” One netizen said, “I was just attending class and didn’t even know my organs were donated.” Others mentioned that they were unwilling to donate organs and did not fill out the forms. Some stated that once they signed the commitment letter, canceling it would lead to threats of being placed on a “personal credit blacklist.” On November 15, 2023, a TikTok user received a similar notification and quickly replied, “I didn’t donate.” In November 2022, a woman posted a video on TikTok crying about losing her ID card, which had led to her information being registered in the “Chinese Organ Donation” system. She said, “I woke up and my organs were donated; I’m feeling really confused right now. [136]”
4. Alipay Mysteriously Binds to “Organ Donation.”
On October 25, 2016, the China Organ Transplant Development Foundation officially took over the “Love and Hope” website. On December 22, it began providing organ donation volunteer registration services on the Alipay mobile app, simplifying the registration process to just 10 seconds[137]. According to data provided by the foundation, within two and a half days of launching, 86,200 volunteers had registered, which was equivalent to the total registration volume of the previous two years. From December 2016 to now, in just two months, the “Give and Recieve” website added over 100,000 new organ donation volunteer registrations[138]. In 2017, June 11was designated as China Organ Donation Day, and data shows that on this day, the number of people registering for organ donation through Alipay increased nearly tenfold compared to previous daily averages. Additionally, according to the registration information from the “Love and Hope” organ donation volunteer service, by May 11, 2017, over 60% of organ donation registrants came from Alipay.
Figure 2: As of May 11, 2017, 60.8% of organ donation registrants came from Alipay
As of March 18, 2018, the “Love and Hope” organ donation volunteers had successfully registered 284,502 people, with Alipay contributing over 200,000 registrations in 2017 alone[139]. Since Alipay and other internet platforms launched organ donation volunteer registration services in 2016, the number of online registrants has increased from 80,000 to the millions by June 2019[140]. On March 29, 2024, a video circulated on the overseas social platform X, in which a Chinese netizen revealed that his Alipay account had been mysteriously bound to organ donation. He exclaimed that it was terrifying and reminded the public to check whether their Alipay personal information authorization had also added such bindings. He also disclosed that four days before being inexplicably registered for organ donation (on June 7, 2022), he had just undergone a physical examination in Guangzhou[141]. Other users on X also claimed that their Alipay accounts had been bound to organ donation[142].
Chapter 3: It Is Impossible to Achieve "Voluntary Donation" as a Source of Organs Overnight
In March 2010 in Tianjin, the Red Cross Society of China and the Ministry of Health jointly launched a pilot program for human organ donation in 11 provinces. Two years later, the pilot program expanded to 16 provinces and cities[143]. As of February 22, 2013, there were a total of 659 donations nationwide, with 1,804 major organs donated. Gao Xinpu, deputy director of the Business Department of the China Organ Donation Management Center, stated in an exclusive interview with Southern Metropolis Daily that China is one of the countries with the lowest organ donation rates in the world[144]. In an interview with Southern Metropolis Daily on March 7, 2013, Huang Jiefu, former vice minister of health, said, "More than a decade ago, the number of death sentences in China was decreasing at a rate of 10% per year; now, in reality, there are very few death row inmates."
Figure 3: Snapshot of Southern Metropolis Daily Website
From the introduction of the "(Human Organ Transplant) Regulations" in 2007 to the comprehensive launch of organ donation work in 2013, it took China just six years. The pilot donation work lasted only three years, while many countries around the world have taken decades to establish a national organ donation system[145]. China has achieved a transformation in organ sourcing "overnight. [146]" In a country like China, which emphasizes preserving the "whole body" of the deceased, can people truly change thousands of years of beliefs and eagerly donate organs just because Huang Jiefu advocates for an organ donation system?
Huang Jiefu stated that as of December 2, 2014, a total of 2,948 donations had been made nationwide, with 7,822 organs donated. The donation volume in the first eleven months of 2014 exceeded the total donations from 2010 to 2013. According to statistics from the Health and Family Planning Commission, as of August 9, 2013, China had achieved 1,006 donations, with approximately 2,742 organs donated. The proportion of organs donated after a citizen's death has increased from almost zero three years ago to about 23% currently[147].
Huang Jiefu noted that the preparation for citizen donations began in 2009, launched in 2010, expanded nationwide in 2012, and in 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission issued the "Regulations on the Acquisition and Allocation Management of Human Donated Organs (Trial)." By 2014, a significant breakthrough was made—80% of organ transplants were sourced from citizen donations. Therefore, by the end of 2014, Huang Jiefu officially announced that the use of organs from executed prisoners would be completely stopped in 2015. He acknowledged that as a "newborn," the system was still very underdeveloped and faced many challenges and problems. Without in-depth reform of the system, the transformation would falter or revert; "if we don't keep up, we will lose the trust of the people in this system, and there will be time bombs everywhere. [148]" Especially in 2014, it was impossible to achieve such a rapid transformation from sourcing organs from executed prisoners to voluntary donations from citizens after death.
According to a report from Guangming Wang on September 3, 2013, a common viewpoint is that citizens are unwilling to donate organs due to distrust in the donation institutions and mechanisms, fearing that donated organs will be exploited for profit. Additionally, traditional beliefs regarding respect for the deceased's body, the concept that the body is received from one’s parents, and beliefs in reincarnation all influence people's desire for bodily integrity after death. However, compared to psychological factors like trust and beliefs, the greater resistance to organ donation comes from technical factors, specifically practical operational issues[149].
In 2015, voluntary organ donation after a citizen's death became the sole source of organs for transplantation, and that year, China's organ transplant volume reached a record high. After the cessation of using organs from executed prisoners, the data for organ transplants did not decline; rather, it increased, indicating that live organ harvesting was still ongoing.
According to Chinese media reports, in 2015, the first year of prohibiting the use of organs from executed prisoners, there were 2,776 organ donations after citizens' deaths, leading to 10,057 organ transplant surgeries, setting a historical record[150].
Based on this report, the development of China's organ donation system reached a transplant volume of over ten thousand right from the start, without any intermediate stages. However, the actual situation is quite different, as the number of organ donations is far lower than the official reports suggest.
In an interview with The New York Times and Beijing Youth Daily on November 18, 2015, Huang Jiefu revealed that the so-called organ donation system in China was essentially paralyzed and not functioning: "When asked about the current biggest difficulties, he candidly admitted that the coordination between the two most important departments for organ donation, the Red Cross and the National Health and Family Planning Commission, was not smooth. The National Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, jointly established by the two departments on March 1, 2014, was non-functional; 'it has not convened a single meeting to date.' As the chairperson, he felt very helpless and worried about this. [151]"
By the end of 2015, in the three largest municipalities directly under the central government—Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin—which have the most transplant hospitals, the number of donations was extremely limited. In fact, the organ donation office in Beijing was still under construction, raising questions about the legitimacy of the organ sources.
1. Survey Subject: Staff on-duty at the Beijing Red Cross Association
Survey Date: December 6, 2015 (Survey phone: +86 10 63558766)
Summary:
The staff at the Beijing Red Cross Association said that the organ donation program is still under development and has not yet begun.
(Recording 67. Download MP3, Full transcript available in the Appendix 12)
Since 1999, Beijing has completed a vast number of organ transplants. Beijing is the city with the largest organ transplant volume in the country, with 20 hospitals holding qualifications from the Ministry of Health to perform transplants. The actual number of transplants is astonishing.
2. Survey Subject: Staff Member at the Tianjin Red Cross
Survey Date: December 11, 2015 (Survey phone: +86 22 27231180)
Summary:
The staff member from Tianjin Red Cross said that since establishing the organ donation registry in 2003, more than 170 donations have been made.
(Recording 68. Download MP3, Full transcript available in the Appendix 13)
This low number of donations cannot explain the large volume of organ transplants in Tianjin. Tianjin has four hospitals with transplantation qualifications from the Ministry of Health. Among them, FEOSO Organ Transplant Center is the largest organ transplant center in Asia.
3. Survey Subject: Staff Member at the Huangpu District Red Cross Organ Donation Office, Shanghai
Survey Date: December 17, 2015 (Survey phone: +86 63365880)
Summary:
The staff member said that the organ donation program was only launched in the first half of last year. There are official documents regarding the program, but organ donation is very difficult. So far, only five organ donations have been successful in all of Shanghai.
(Recording 69. Download MP3 , Full transcript available in the Appendix 14)
Shanghai has 11 Ministry of Health-designated organ transplant hospitals, all of which are national-level transplant centers. They conduct a large number of organ transplants every year. It is highly unlikely that the five organ donations account for the primary source of transplant organs for the numerous transplant institutions in Shanghai.
Chapter Four: An Empty Shell of the Top-Level Design Organ Donation and Transplantation System— Implementation, and Regulatory Issues Arise One After Another
Huang Jiefu, Director of the Chinese Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee[152], stated that while the construction of the entire donation system and its top-level design have been completed, the system itself remains imperfect. The layers of implementation, including the donation system, acquisition and allocation system, transplantation system, post-transplant registration system, and regulatory system, are all still not fully developed. In a country as large as China, the number of registered volunteers for organ donation should ideally exceed 100 million to align with our image, right? Furthermore, the regulatory system relies solely on the National Health and Family Planning Commission, which is insufficient. In the U.S., there are about 1,500 people managing organ donation and transplantation. Currently, there is not even one department in our commission specifically overseeing organ transplantation—only one individual. The scale of organ donation and transplantation work for a population of 1.3 billion is monumental, yet it is managed by just one person. Additionally, for effective regulation, there needs to be law enforcement capability; it’s not enough to merely revoke licenses or the qualifications of doctors. The Ministry of Public Security and relevant law enforcement agencies must also be involved[153].
In March 2013, Huang Jiefu mentioned that for upstream organ donations, the Red Cross Society is responsible for public awareness campaigns and volunteer registration. In the midstream, the Red Cross can participate in training OPO (Organ Procurement Organization) coordinators, with certificates issued by the Bureau of Medical Administration under the Health and Family Planning Commission. The health administration departments are responsible for organ procurement organizations (OPO) and the organ distribution and sharing systems, while hospitals engaged in transplantation are overseen by health administrative departments. This means that once a volunteer enters the stage of brain death or cardiac death and becomes a true donor, the health administrative department takes responsibility. Thus, the Red Cross primarily plays a role in awareness campaigns, memorial services, humanitarian assistance, and supervision as a third-party organization. Our actual donation persuaders must be trained coordinators once the OPO is established; the certification for these roles is issued by the Bureau of Medical Administration under the Health and Family Planning Commission. The OPO will supply these personnel to the Red Cross as their persuaders[154]. According to ongoing investigations by WOIPFG, grassroots Red Cross and organ transplantation department personnel do not even have clearly defined roles and responsibilities. Moreover, as medical institutions continuously expand under the government's push for the commercialization of organ transplantation, there is a lack of oversight and shadow operations, leading to significant profits concentrated in the medical institutions. (Further analysis will be provided in subsequent chapters of this document.)
It is difficult for Red Cross personnel to effectively implement donation work, and issues arise constantly. Huang Jiefu remarked that the Red Cross faces such problems (as all personnel lack formal positions, leading to loose management), stating, “I can only call it foolish. I can only say they are unqualified. They should learn more. In fact, we have published no fewer than a hundred articles in and outside China, on all matters concerning organ donation, so they should read these documents carefully. If you want to be a persuader for donations, you must study. [155]”
In an interview with Beijing Youth Daily on November 23, 2015, Huang Jiefu described the current organ donation initiative as a “newborn baby,” still very fragile[156], with significant challenges in coordination between the Red Cross and the Health and Family Planning Commission. As someone involved in the top-level design of the organ donation and transplantation system, he expressed concern about the operation of the current organ donation system. When asked about the biggest difficulties, Huang noted the lack of coordination between the two most important departments: the Red Cross and the National Health and Family Planning Commission. The National Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, established jointly by the two departments on March 1, 2014, has remained inactive, “having not convened a single meeting to date.” As the chairman, he feels helpless and anxious. He highlighted a detail: in 2012, with the support of the State Council, the Chinese Human Organ Donation Management Center was established with 16 positions, functioning at the bureau level. However, due to poor collaboration channels and unclear responsibilities between the two departments, the center’s operations have not been effective, and grassroots Red Cross workers have expressed dissatisfaction. “There are always departmental interests, bureaucratism, and negativity from the implementation level within the system. [157]”
As early as September 2013, when the National Health and Family Planning Commission announced the Regulations on the Management of Organ Procurement and Distribution (Trial), a doctor who had long participated in organ transplantation in China revealed to China Economic Weekly that there had always been a “discrepancy between surface harmony and internal discord” between the National Health and Family Planning Commission and the Red Cross Society in promoting organ donation. His analysis was that organ transplantation is a highly complex task; as the governing body for medical and health policy, the National Health and Family Planning Commission cannot directly participate in many aspects. Conversely, the Red Cross can play a significant role in public awareness, rescue efforts, and memorial activities, making it reasonable for both parties to collaborate in advancing this cause. However, due to differing understandings of each other's roles, coupled with negative news such as the “Guo Meimei incident,” the National Health and Family Planning Commission has deemed it inappropriate for the Red Cross to continue participating in organ donation efforts, even expressing a desire to “get rid of the Red Cross in performing many tasks. [158]”
Chapter Five: The Red Cross Organ Donation Facing Challenge with Limited Donations and Inability to Regulate
In March 2010, the Red Cross Society of China and the Ministry of Health jointly launched a pilot program for human organ donation. On July 6, 2012, State Commission Office of Public Sectors Reform issued Response Regarding the Establishment of the China Organ Donation Management Center (Document No. [2012]151 from SCOPSR, hereinafter referred to as "the Response"), approving the establishment of the China Organ Donation Management Center under the Red Cross Society of China. As a directly subordinate unit of the Red Cross Society of China funded by the central government, the center has 16 positions and is primarily responsible for participating in nationwide human organ donation related activities, including publicity and mobilization, registration, witnessing donations, fair distribution, assistance incentives, memorialization, and the construction of information platforms[159].
In 2013, Huang Jiefu stated that China had established an organ donation management center, which was directed by the State Council and placed under the Red Cross Society, with the latter acting as a third-party regulator[160]. However, due to the Guo Meimei scandal and various issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese Red Cross Society has faced a crisis of trust. Unlike other Red Cross organizations around the world, the Chinese Red Cross is supported, funded, and controlled by the Communist Party of China—its president is a deputy national-level official of the Communist Party[161].
According to statements from Chinese Communist Party media, normal organ donations are conducted under the witness of Red Cross organ donation coordinators[162].
In the top-level design of China's organ donation system, the Red Cross is assigned this regulatory function. However, at the grassroots operational level, local Red Cross organizations implement their own standards without significant supervisory authority, rendering the oversight largely ineffective.
A report from the Beijing News on July 8, 2013, stated: "Organ resources in China, being scarce, have become objects of competition among various parties. Local Red Cross societies, as third-party organizations for organ donation, control the resources of donors, and transplant hospitals hope to obtain these resources from the Red Cross, which in turn demands donations from hospitals to assist donors. Hospitals believe that local Red Cross organizations do not maintain transparency in their donation accounts, raising suspicions of self-interest. [163]"
Chinese media have disclosed that some local Red Cross societies require hospitals to donate money to the Red Cross when distributing donated organs. The Beijing News reported under the title "Human Intervention in Organ Allocation Raises Conflicts of Interest" about the behind-the-scenes operations of local Red Cross societies in Guangdong, Jiangsu, and other places. The report mentioned that an employee at a transplant hospital in Guangzhou revealed that the Shenzhen Red Cross demanded a donation of 100,000 yuan from hospitals each time when receiving donated organs, with unclear usage of the funds. The Chinese public has begun to realize that the distribution process of organ donations within the Chinese Red Cross system may be as murky and opaque as the handling of earthquake donation funds. While China prohibits the trade of human organs, has the Red Cross become a "black intermediary" for organ donations? The lack of transparency and openness in state-led charitable organizations is primarily due to their not being the "non-profit organizations" and "third parties" as officially claimed. The Red Cross Society also operates under a civil servant system, being a department of the health bureau. [164]
Cases of Organ Trading Involving the Police and the Red Cross: In 2009, a mentally ill patient named Ma Ke accidentally injured a police officer in Beijing. After being illegally detained for 83 days, the patient’s mother received a death notice. After identifying three corpses, she refused to sign the death certificate, questioning the collusion between the police department and the Beijing Red Cross Emergency Rescue Center 999, alleging that they sold her son's organs and discarded his body while he was still alive. By the end of May 2013, she went to Taiwan to seek forensic identification documents, hoping to clear her son’s name through a "document review" without the body. She pointed out that whenever there were traffic accidents or other incidents reported to the police, the Red Cross would dispatch an ambulance to transport the victims to their emergency center. She cited an example where a 95-year-old woman fell from a building; the ambulance arrived but left empty, and even when 999 arrived, they also departed. “If it had been a young person who fell, they might have taken the person away.” [165]
On May 17, 2018, Xie Xianci, the deputy director of the Jiangxi Red Cross Organ Donation Management Center, was sentenced to two years in prison, with a two-and-a-half-year suspended sentence, for accepting bribes in exchange for providing organ donation information. Previous media reports had revealed that both "legitimate" and "illegitimate" groups on the mainland were involved in fabricating organ donation documents to "legalize" organ transplants. This raises suspicions about whether Xie Xianci's case harbors deeper corruption. The verdict indicated that Xie Xianci facilitated the organ donation process for relevant hospitals by providing documents like execution notices for donated bodies, receiving bribes from at least three top-tier hospitals, totaling over 700,000 yuan for providing organ donation documentation[166].
According to ongoing investigations by WOIPEG from 2015 to 2023, numerous issues have been uncovered within the Red Cross.
1. Difficulty in Organ Donation: Limited Quantity and Confidentiality
Most hospitals claim to use donated organs; however, donation agencies and transplant doctors report that the number of donated organs is very low, with very few successful donations. The number of registered voluntary organ donors remains small, showing no significant growth trend, and the cases of actual donations are even fewer. The number of donated organs across the country is still pitifully low.
From 2015 to 2022, investigators from WOIPEG made calls to domestic Red Cross organ donation offices, and most of the time, there was no answer. Among the few who did answer, most stated that there had been very few successful donations[167]. As previously analyzed, by the end of 2015, the three municipalities directly under the Central Government—Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin—had the highest number of transplant hospitals and transplant volumes, yet the quantity of donations was extremely limited; in fact, the Beijing organ donation office was still under establishment. Years of tracking investigations by WOIPEG indicate that the limited donation numbers in many provinces and cities fall far short of meeting transplant demands, as detailed in the list below.
Table 3: List of Donation Numbers from the Red Cross
|
When |
Province |
Contents |
|
May 14-15, 2015 |
Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province |
Hebei Qinhuangdao City Red Cross Organ Donation Office Female Staff (863355311503): (Recording 70 download: MP3. Full transcript in: pdf 216) (Another staff member on duty the next day): |
|
July 2015 |
Puyang, Henan Province |
Henan Province Puyang Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff on Duty: |
|
July 2015 |
Jiaozuo, Henan Province |
Jiaozuo Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff on Duty: |
|
Mar 9, 2016 |
Shenzhen, Guangdong Province |
Shenzhen Red Cross Full-Time Organ Donation Coordinator Gao Min[168] (+86+1314879 9308): |
|
2012-end of Mar, 2016 |
Sichuan Province |
"Over 150 organ donations have been made through the Red Cross system, with 63 cases from West China Hospital. 'In 2012, only 2 cases were accepted, 10 cases in 2013, and from January to March this year (2016), there have been 20 cases.' (Recording 75 download: MP3, full transcript in: pdf 180)[169] |
|
Sep 12, 2016 |
Guilin, Guangxi Province |
Survey Subject: Guangxi Guilin Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff[170] |
|
Dec 15, 2016 |
Zhejiang Province |
Survey Subject: Zhejiang Provincial Red Cross Organ Donation Management Center Staff[171] |
|
Apr 2, 2017 |
Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province |
Survey Subject: Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff |
|
Apr 21, 2017 |
Yantai City, Shandong Province |
Survey Subject: Yantai City, Shandong Province Red Cross Office Staff |
|
Apr 24, 2017 |
Jiangsu Province |
Survey Subject: Jiangsu Provincial Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff |
|
Apr 27, 2017 |
Nantong City, Jiangsu Province |
Survey Subject: Nantong City, Jiangsu Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff |
|
Apr 27, 2017 |
Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province |
Survey Subject: Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province Red Cross |
|
Sep 12, 2017 |
Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region |
Survey Subject: Urumqi City Red Cross Organ Donation Office Head, Mr. Chen |
|
Sep 26, 2017 |
Guiyang City, Guizhou Province |
Survey Subject: Guiyang City Red Cross Organ Donation Office Head |
|
Sep 26, 2017 |
Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province |
Survey Subject: Ningbo City Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff |
|
Jun 7, 2018 |
Sichuan Province |
Sichuan Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff (+86-2884356308): |
|
Jun 7, 2018 |
Jinan City, Shandong Province |
Shandong Province Jinan Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff (+86-53187081590): |
|
Sep 6, 2018 |
Beijing |
Wang Zhaohui, Director of Beijing Red Cross Organ Donation Preparatory Office (Phone: +86-18910670191): |
|
Jul 1, 2020 |
Qinghai Province |
Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital Urology Doctor: |
|
Sep 8, 2020 |
Chengdu City, Sichuan Province |
Chengdu Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Sep 15, 2020 |
Anshan City, Liaoning Province |
Anshan City (Population: 3.3 million, prefecture-level city) Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Sep 23, 2020 |
Xuhui District, Shanghai |
Shanghai Xuhui District (Population: 1.11 million) Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Sep 23, 2020 |
Huangpu District, Shanghai |
Shanghai Huangpu District (Population: 6.78 million) Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Sep 25, 2020 |
Jiangxi Province |
Jiangxi Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Oct 12, 2020 |
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region |
Inner Mongolia Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Oct 12, 2020 |
Hainan Province |
Hainan Province Red Cross Office: |
|
Oct 14, 2020 |
Anhui Province |
Anhui Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Nov 3, 2020 |
Sichuan Province |
Sichuan Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Nov 6, 2020 |
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region |
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Nov 11, 2020 |
Qinghai Province |
Qinghai Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Nov 30, 2020 |
Liaoning Province |
Liaoning Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Dec 16, 2020 |
Wuhan City, Hubei Province |
Wuhan Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Dec 21, 2020 |
Guizhou Province |
Guizhou Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Dec 29, 2020 |
Yangpu District, Shanghai |
Shanghai Yangpu District (Population: 1.24 million) Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Jun 8, 2021 |
Jiangmen City, Guangdong |
Guangdong Jiangmen City Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dr. Ouyang: |
2. The Red Cross Is Essentially Ineffective: Unable to Regulate Hospitals, Organs Are Not Donated by the Red Cross
Table 4: Audio Investigation Showing the Red Cross's Inability to Regulate Hospitals
|
when |
Province |
Contents |
|
Nov 24, 2016 |
Guangxi autonomous region |
Survey Subject: Guangxi Guilin Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff (+86 773_2896981): |
|
Dec 1, 2016 |
Yunnan Province |
Survey Subject: Yunnan Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office, Mr. Chen (+86 871 67195073): |
|
Dec 8, 2016 |
Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province |
Survey Subject: Nanchang City Red Cross Organ Coordinator Mr. Wang[199] (+86 791_86771992): |
|
Apr 26, 2017 |
Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province |
Survey Subject: Changzhou City Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff (+86 51988155335): [200] |
|
Apr 26, 2017 |
Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province |
Survey Subject: Suzhou City Red Cross Organ Donation Office Staff (+86 +51265233433): |
|
Apr 28, 2017 |
Guangdong Province |
Survey Subject: Guangdong Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office, Ms. Huang (+86 +20-38824642): [202] |
|
Nov 2, 2017 |
Hubei Province |
Survey Subject: Hubei Province Red Cross Organ Donation Management Center (+86-2787320962) Staff: |
|
Jan 16, 2018 |
Yantai City, Shandong |
Survey Subject: Yantai City Red Cross Organ Donation Office (+86-5352123999) Staff: |
|
Jun 5, 2018 |
Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province |
Survey Subject: Xi'an City Red Cross Organ Donation Office (+86-2986787762) Staff: |
|
Jun 5, 2018 |
Yunnan Province |
Survey Subject: Yunnan Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office (+86-87168329599) Staff: |
|
Jun 7, 2018 |
Henan Province |
Survey Subject: Henan Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office (+86-37165949885) Staff: |
|
Jun 26, 2018 |
Tianjin City |
Survey Subject: Tianjin City Organ Donation Management Center Donation Service Department (+86-2227306997), Director Gui Zhichao: |
|
Sep 6, 2018 |
Beijing |
Survey Subject: Wang Zhaohui, Director of Beijing Red Cross Organ Donation Preparatory Office (Phone: +86-18910670191): |
|
Sep 3, 2020 |
Heilongjiang Province |
Heilongjiang Province Red Cross Organ Donation Center: |
|
Dec 29, 2020 |
Yangpu District, Shanghai |
Survey Subject: Yangpu District, Shanghai (Population: 1.24 million) Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
|
Sep 15, 2020 |
Anshan City, Shenyang |
Survey Subject: Anshan City (prefecture-level city, Population: 3.3 million) Red Cross Organ Donation Office: |
3. Limited Quality of Donated Organs: Not All Are Usable
During the 2014 Organ Transplant Conference in Hangzhou, Professor Ye Qifa from Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University revealed the dissatisfaction within the mainland transplant community regarding the quality of donated organs. He stated that about 70% of hospitals show little interest in conducting citizen organ donations after death, adopting a negative attitude because they prefer the higher success rates associated with "living" transplants. [211]
Table 5: Audio Investigation on the Limited Quality of Organs Donated by the Red Cross
|
When |
Province |
Contents |
|
Aug 13, 2017 |
Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province |
Dr. Zheng Jin, Kidney Transplant Surgeon at Xi'an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital |
|
Nov 2, 2017 |
Guangdong Province |
Survey Subject: Guangdong Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office (+86-20-38824642) Staff: |
|
Nov 9, 2017 |
Tianjin City |
Survey Subject: Tianjin Red Cross Organ Donation Center (+86-2227306997) Staff: |
|
Nov 9, 2017 |
Guangxi autonomous region |
Survey Subject: Guangxi Red Cross Organ Donation Office (+86-7715891561) Staff: |
|
Jun 24, 2019 |
Beijing |
Survey Subject: Dr. Zhang Zhen, Liver Transplant Surgeon at Beijing You’an Hospital |
4. The Red Cross, Responsible for Regulating Donated Organs, Engages in Organ Trafficking
The sale and purchase of human organs is prohibited; voluntary organ donation by citizens is supposed to be non-paid. However, the Red Cross, which is responsible for overseeing donated organs, is allegedly offering organs for a fee.
Survey Subject: Staff of the Zhejiang Provincial Red Cross Human Organ Donation Management Bureau Office
Survey Date: January 1, 2018
Summary:
Staff: When it comes to finding organs, can you not ask about it over the phone? We definitely have plenty of organs. For the liver, maybe around 300,000 yuan? How about kidneys? Around 150,000 to 200,000 yuan!
Investigator: Who does the donation fee go to?
Staff: It definitely goes to us!
(Recording 127. Play and Download MP3, complete recording can be found in attachment 110) [217]
Zhejiang Provincial Red Cross Human Organ Donation Management Bureau Office (+86-57186460752) Duty Officer: I have asked for approval, but the leadership is still very cautious about it. This might be temporarily put on hold because it’s strictly regulated now, and it’s a bit difficult.
(Survey Date: January 3, 2018)
(Recording 128. Play and Download MP3, complete recording can be found in the PDF attachment) [218]
Chapter Six: The "China organ transplant response system" (COTRS) Used to Conceal Illegal Organ Transplants
The "China organ transplant response system" (COTRS) is an important component of China's organ transplantation framework and is an officially mandated organ distribution system. COTRS executes national organ distribution policies and implements automated organ allocation and sharing[219]. However, organ distribution cannot guarantee the source of the organs; what ensures that the organs allocated by the computer system are free of issues? Huang Jiefu stated that death row inmates can voluntarily donate organs, and organs from willing death row inmates are included in the distribution system, eliminating the notion of "death row organs."[220] Following this logic, in the absence of international oversight, it is possible that imprisoned practitioners of Falun Gong could be registered as donors under false identities and incorporated into the national organ donation distribution system.
- Serious Problems with the "China organ transplant response system (COTRS)"
On September 1, 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission mandated the use of COTRS for organ allocation[221]. A July 2013 report by the Beijing News titled "Human Intervention in Organ Allocation Raises Conflicts of Interest" highlighted the need to change the unspoken rules surrounding organ procurement driven by power and money; thus, the Ministry of Health developed a computer allocation system. However, two-thirds of organs are still allocated outside the system. Given the current scarcity of organ sources, the presence of human intervention in the allocation process leads to potential gray areas of profit exchange, and indeed, related irregularities have occurred. In 2009, the Ministry of Health commissioned researchers from the University of Hong Kong's Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine to develop an automated organ allocation system. This system has been in operation for two years but has not fulfilled its expected role. A report from the OPO meeting in Shenzhen indicated that only about one-third of donations entered the automated allocation system. Due to the absence of mandatory regulations requiring all organs to be allocated through this system, much organ information has not been entered. According to a doctor at the Organ Transplant Center of Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital, the organ donation pilot programs implemented in the province are largely not allocated through the computer system, but rather coordinated by the provincial health department. The doctor stated that aside from this, the health department has not devoted much attention to the situation, and organ donation efforts in Jiangsu are facing significant challenges. Dr. Lu Lei from the liver disease center of the PLA Bayi Hospital recalled that last year, the Jiangsu health department coordinated seven or eight organ donations, a dozen kidneys were primarily distributed to Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital. In Shandong Province, donated organs are uniformly allocated by the provincial Red Cross. Yang Guangning, responsible for organ donation work at the Shandong Red Cross, previously told the media that the organs from these donors follow three established principles: first-found, first-served; proximity principle; and order principle.
Industry insiders report that the Ministry of Health has begun drafting documents to penalize those who bypass the system and allocate organs independently. Information from China Organ Transplant Response System indicates that over 70 hospitals’ OPOs are using the allocation system. According to the Ministry of Health's regulations, all 164 hospitals qualified for organ transplantation should establish OPOs. This means that more than half of these hospitals have yet to utilize the respond system for organ distribution. Even among hospitals using the system, there may still be cases of human intervention in the allocation process. After completing organ allocation, the respond system sends text messages to transplant hospitals notifying them of the allocation status. Li Peng from Guangzhou General Hospital of the Guangzhou Military Command experienced a situation where he received a text message indicating that a liver would be allocated to them from a certain hospital. He immediately opened his computer to prepare for the reception, but upon entering the system, he found that the organ allocation had been forcibly terminated. Generally, if an organ becomes unsuitable for transplantation, hospitals can forcibly terminate the allocation. Li Peng believes this may happen if a patient in the hospital requires that specific kidney, leading to the termination of the computer allocation[222].
According to a report by The Epoch Times on July 3, 2020, they obtained an internal audit report from Zhejiang Province, which listed issues related to the operation of the organ transplantation system, revealing clues about the Chinese Communist Party's crimes of forced organ harvesting. This internal document, titled "Data Audit Report on the China Organ Transplant Response System (Zhejiang Province)," disclosed problems that occurred during the organ donation distribution and info sharing process in Zhejiang medical institutions from January 1, 2015, to April 13, 2018. It identified eight major categories of 21 distinct issues.
A leaked internal data audit report from COTRS indicated that a significant number of transplanted organs did not originate from COTRS, thereby constituting illegal transplants. This report cross-referenced data from COTRS with the China Liver Transplant Registry (CLTR) and the China Scientific Registry of Kidney Transplant (CSRKT). From January 2015 to April 2018, 102 transplant operations conducted in Zhejiang Province were not allocated through COTRS, which, by definition, means these are illegal organ transplants. Nationwide, over 2,000 transplant surgeries were found to have "unknown" sources. In more than 10,000 cases, patient data in COTRS was manipulated within an hour prior to organ allocation. The aforementioned unidentified transplants were only the ones that reported to CLTR or CSRKT. It can be assumed that even more illegal transplants have not been reported to these registries and have not been identified by COTRS data validation reports. Therefore, the actual number of illegal organ transplants is likely far higher than the aggregated figures suggest. Additionally, there is a pressing need for systematic investigations into organ donations claimed by supposed brain-dead donors. [223]
The internal report from Zhejiang obtained by The Epoch Times reflects COTRS's audit of the province, revealing numerous issues within the transplantation field and indicating that the implementation of COTRS has not reduced the irregularities in China's organ transplantation sector. Among the most severe seven issues, the report exposes some of the CCP's heinous and hidden activities in organ transplantation. Below are the seven major problems listed. [224]
Problem 1: Unknown Sources of Transplanted Organs
The report reveals that in Zhejiang Province, the proportion of liver and kidney transplants with unknown sources accounts for 7.82% and 4.51% of all illegally sourced organs nationwide. According to regulations from the CCP’s National Health and Family Planning Commission, "organs not recorded in COTRS and those obtained without COTRS allocation are considered illegally sourced." The internal document specifically names Shulan Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The report statistically separates cases of unknown organ sources, highlighting that obtaining human organs with unknown sources is a widespread issue among hospitals in mainland China.
Problem 2: Transplanting Before Allocation: Manipulating Organ Distribution Flow
The report states that donated organs must be automatically allocated through the organ distribution system in a timely manner. Instances of transplanting before allocation indicate unauthorized distributions outside of COTRS, suggesting manipulation of organ flow. In this regard, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Shulan Hospital rank among the top two. Observers note that manipulating organ flow implies a selective and purposeful direction of organs towards specific recipients.
Problem 3: Special Circumstance Registration: Manipulating Organ Flow
"Special circumstance registration" is only applicable in situations where unforeseen circumstances occur during organ allocation, aimed at preventing organ waste through allocations outside the distribution system. The report indicates that the high percentage of "special circumstance registrations" suggests potential abuse by hospital OPOs, implicating manipulation of organ flow.
Problem 4: Tampering with Donor Data One Hour Before OPO Allocation
The COTRS data audit report from Zhejiang Province reveals that hospitals in the province altered donor data one hour prior to OPO allocation, potentially indicating illegal acquisition of human organs. The report provides no explanation or clarification regarding the temporary alteration of donor data by hospital OPOs. Commentators from The Epoch Times suggest that tampering with donor data an hour before allocation suggests that these organs are likely not voluntarily donated, and that hospital OPOs might be covering up the true sources of the transplanted organs.
Problem 5: Changing Waiting List Data One Hour Before Allocation
The COTRS data audit report reveals that hospitals in Zhejiang Province temporarily altered the waiting list data for organ transplants, indicating manipulation of organ flow. The audit report shows that the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine ranked the first in this regard, having changed data for 134 liver transplant candidates and 476 kidney transplant candidates.
The large-scale three-digit changes in waiting list data one hour before allocation raise suspicions that transplant hospitals might be finding donors with shorter waiting times from secret organ caches outside the COTRS distribution system. In China, hospital websites commonly guarantee finding organ donors within 1-2 weeks, while in the United States, with a large organ donation system, the average waiting times are two years for liver transplants and three years for kidney transplants.
Problem 6: Temporarily Adding Candidates to the Waiting List and Receiving Allocated Organs
The COTRS data audit report reveals that hospitals in Zhejiang Province temporarily added candidates to the waiting list and allocated organs to them, suggesting manipulation of organ flow.
Problem 7: High Frequency of Abandonment of Liver and Kidney Organs with Unknown Destinations
The COTRS data audit report indicates that of the liver organs allocated to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, one in ten was abandoned. The audit report merely points out the suspicion of unknown destinations for donated organs.
Commentators from The Epoch Times suggest that the high frequency of abandoned organs could be due to organs being intercepted or sold at high prices, and there is also a greater possibility: that many human organs in mainland China's transplantation system do not originate from COTRS but are hidden within the CCP's shadowy "live organ bank."
The issues exposed above reveal a hidden live organ harvesting system.
The various problems highlighted in the COTRS Zhejiang audit report unveil the existence of an organ industry profit chain outside the CCP's COTRS system. Whether it's the high frequency of abandoned organs or unknown sources or destinations, the chaos behind these issues conceals a larger-scale, state-sanctioned criminal system capable of rapidly matching patient needs, even including the murder of individuals for organ harvesting.
Internal Documents Reveal CCP's Indulgence in Organ Transplant Chaos
Although the CCP's COTRS system has revealed many shocking irregularities in transplant hospitals through its audit reports, internal documents obtained by The Epoch Times indicate that the COTRS audits are merely a formality. The issues raised are only required to be self-verified by the transplant hospitals themselves.
The Epoch Times exclusively acquired a notification from the Guangdong Provincial Health Commission dated January 19, 2020, titled "Organ Transplant Audit Notification." This document, numbered Yue Wei Yi Zheng Yi Guan Bian Han 2020-21, was sent to local health bureaus and transplant hospitals within the province. In this notification, the COTRS audit report was forwarded, but it only required each transplant hospital to self-verify the problems identified, while the local health bureaus were only responsible for collecting the verification results.
The Epoch Times also obtained a feedback report submitted by the Hunan Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission to the National Health Commission on September 28, 2018, addressing the issues raised in the COTRS audit. This report showed that the self-verification results reported by the transplant hospitals in Hunan Province indicated only minor issues related to data input and processing. Commentators from The Epoch Times suggest that this is clearly just a superficial effort, essentially the CCP turning a blind eye to the chaos in organ transplantation and allowing the irregularities to continue. [225]
II. Hospitals with Access to Organ Sources Do Not Need This System at All
Since September 1, 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission has mandated the use of COTRS for organ allocation[226]. However, hospitals with their own sources for organs do not need to use this system at all.
Among the hundreds of personnel from the Red Cross and medical staff investigated, none had logged into the official websites for organ donation and transplant allocation; they had only heard about them. Doctors, nurses, and organ coordinators from the Red Cross and hospitals all reported that they had never logged into this website. Liao Jixiang, the organ coordinator at the 303 Hospital, stated, "There’s a password; the state doesn’t want people to know the secrets of organ allocation." Director Wang, the organ coordinator at Yuhuangding Hospital, commented, "That website doesn’t solve any problems; it’s just a formality and a deception!"
Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong Province
Director Wang of the organ transplant department and coordinator for kidney transplant operations was investigated on June 10, 2018:
Investigator: “Are the donors taken from the national organ website?”
Wang: “That’s all (for the purpose of) deceiving people, all of them are deceiving people! They are all formalities.”
Investigator: “It’s all up to hospitals to look for donors, rather than being allocated by state?”
Wang: “That’s correct.”
Investigator: “Is that website accessible with an ID only?”
Wang: “It is inaccessible. It belongs to the armed police. It’s not like that anyone can access it.”[227]
(Recording 129. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 107)
The People’s Liberation Army No. 303 Hospital in Nanning, Guangxi Province
When asked about accessing the state’s organ donation website, liver transplant doctor and organ procurement coordinator Liao Jixiang (June 11, 2017) said, “I have no idea about this, because even for us, there is a password. I really don’t know. It should be impossible. It should be administrated by someone. The system has someone specifically administrating the data.”[228]
(Recording 130. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 108)
Chenzhou No. 1 People’s Hospital, Hunan Province
A nurse of kidney transplantation (September 28, 2017) replied, “We usually do about 10 kidney transplantation operations each month, we can do 100 to 200 kidney transplants each year.” The donors were not necessarily all sourced locally.[229]
(Recording 131. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 109)
Human Organ Donation Management Center, the Red Cross Society of China, Hubei Branch
The staff member on duty (November 2, 2017) said, “Regarding the specific figure (of organ donations), I don’t have that kind of figure. Because the Health and Family Planning Commission is clearer than I do, with more (information in hand).” (Liver sources and kidney sources are all from the organ allocation system. This allocation system is controlled by the Health and Family Planning Commission.[230])
(Recording 132. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 110)
Office of Organ Donations of the Red Cross Society, Urumqi Branch
Director Chen (September 12, 2017) said regarding the national organ network, “We don’t have the administrator’s account number.”[231]
(Recording 133. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 111)
Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital
When a WOIPFG investigator asked, “How can Zhejiang University procure more (organs than you)?” a doctor at the Liver and Gallbladder Department replied on August 30, 2017, “They have better connections. China is not like the U.S. We do not have an organ source network.”[232]
(Recording 134. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 112)
Subject of Investigation: Staff Member on Duty at the Yantai City Red Cross Human Organ Donation Office, Shandong[233]
Date of Investigation: January 16, 2018
Summary: There aren't many organ donations! We only handle registrations. How organs are used, obtained, or allocated is none of our concern and beyond our control! Yuhuangding Hospital has its own channels for organ procurement; not all of it comes from donations. We only handle a few dozen cases, while they perform hundreds, even thousands of cases! It's not that we have a high number of donations here; it's that they have other ways of obtaining organs, unrelated to us at the Red Cross. As for where other organs come from, we don't investigate, nor is it our job to. We're not the police or anything like that; we don’t know!
(Audio recording 135 is available for playback and download in MP3 format, with a complete transcript available in the pdf 166)
Date: April 22, 2019 (+86-7712870303）
Subject(s): Huang Pinghua[234], Director of Liver Transplant, Chinese People’s Liberation Army No. 303 Hospital
Summary:
1 We have a dedicated OPO team acquiring organs from different channels. A person from our division is in charge of all these things.
2 Currently, each individual unit or hospital is inclined to have more autonomy with organ allocation.
3 They (the Red Cross) witness and go through the protocols with us thoroughly. All procedures comply with National Legal Regulations and Protocols. All procedures are included.
(Recording 136. Download: MP3; Translation Download: pdf 045)
Date: December 26, 2019 (+ 86-15929931212)
Subjects: Li Guowei[235], Kidney Transplant Surgeon, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the Air Force Medical University (aka the Fourth Military Medical University)
Summary: The majority of the people are unwilling to donate now, and fewer and fewer people are willing to donate. You have no other way to get kidney sources now. Although there are car accidents on the road every day, the problem is that not every day you have donations. It is useless for the donor to sign it himself. When the time comes, the donor’s family members must agree. If they don’t, the organs can’t be donated even if you have a written consent. The so-called allocation by the Red Cross Society are…the officials... it is totally just based on a sentence of the officials!
(Recording 196. Download: MP3; Translation Download: pdf 196)
Subject of Investigation: Staff Member at the Human Organ Donation Center, Red Cross Society of Heilongjiang Province[236]
Date of Investigation: September 3, 2020 (+86 45182716963)
Summary:
How many cases we have per year and whether one can get a place in line are matters managed by the organ donation allocation system administrators. They are the ones who understand that; they know the data. We have no access to that system. You understand?
(Audio recording 138 available for download: MP3; transcript download: pdf22)
Subject of Investigation: Staff Member on Duty at the Chengdu Red Cross[237]
Date of Investigation: September 8, 2020 (+86-2861884676)
Summary:
Currently, the proportion of kidney donations nationwide is relatively low. Organ allocation is a national process, and even includes international cases. That means that sometimes donations from our region are used abroad. Decisions on where organs are allocated and which patients receive them are made by the hospitals. The Red Cross OPO (Organ Procurement Organization) operates separately from the hospital's OPO; they each run their own systems. Donations have increased over the past two years, but they used to be even fewer. Since around 2017 or 2018, we’ve only had… about 400 or 500 people… 400 or 500 people.
(Audio recording 139 available for download: MP3; transcript download: pdf25)
Subject of Investigation: Director Li of the Hainan Province Red Cross Organ Donation Office[238]
Date of Investigation: October 13, 2020 (+86-89865321310)
Summary:
Last year, there were 60-70 cases of transplantable organs obtained across Hainan Province; this year, the numbers are lower than last year.
Investigator: Judicial organs bypass the Red Cross procedures and go directly to hospitals as transplant donors?
Director Li: That channel should mean that it does not go through the allocation system.
Investigator: So, judicial organs don’t need to go through you; I can bypass your system, right?
Director Li: Yes… The government is aware that in some places, the donation channels are somewhat… let’s say, not entirely regulated.
(Audio recording 140 available for download: MP3; transcript download: pdf45)
III. Organ Allocation Prioritizes Relationships and Interests
Organ allocation prioritizes relationships and interests. The investigation recordings provide the following examples:
Investigation Recording: Doctor on Duty, Kidney Transplant Department, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital[239]
Date of Investigation: August 21, 2017, Phone: (+86 1085231383)
Doctor: We perform 150 to 200 cases each year. This year, we’ve done just over 100 so far. If he goes to the Armed Police Forces Hospital, they work faster! Why are they faster? I don’t know, but they have more donors over there.
(Audio recording 141 available for download in MP3 format; complete transcript available in Attachment 8)
Subject of Investigation: Nurse, Kidney Transplant Ward, Datong Third People's Hospital[240]
Date of Investigation: September 11, 2017, Phone: (+86 3525556292)
Nurse: It’s hard to wait for kidney donors here. In Taiyuan, they do a lot; they perform more than a dozen cases a day! Last year, we only did two cases, and both were for high-ranking officials who arranged their own donors. The kidneys were transferred from Taiyuan.
(Audio recording 142 available for download in MP3format; complete transcript available in pdf 72)
Subject of Investigation: Xie Qinfen, Organ Coordinator, Liver Transplant Department, Zhejiang University International Hospital[241]
Date of Investigation: February 28, 2017, Phone: (013968153957)
Xie Qinfen: Our hospital performs a lot of transplants, and the quality of liver donors is relatively high. (Waiting time) is usually around two weeks. Sometimes it’s very fast; occasionally, we can do it the next day, depending on the patient. Critical patients are prioritized. Last year, our first year since the hospital was founded, we did over 120 cases. Generally, we get news about available livers every other day. The liver supply mainly depends on Dean Zheng Shusen’s connections.
(Audio recording 143 available for download in MP3format; complete transcript available in Addendum 8)
Subject(s): Wang Zhaohui, Director of the Organ Donation Preparation Office at Beijing Red Cross[242]
Date of investigation: September 6, 2018, (+18910670191)
Excerpts:
When Wang Zhaohui recommended to the investigator that his patient relative should go to the General Hospital of the Armed Police Forces in Beijing for organ transplantation, the investigator asked if the armed police hospital has better organ sources. In reply Wang Zhaohui said, “It’s not that they have better sources. As a military hospital, the Armed Police Hospital does the most in Beijing. The armed police hospital is one belonging to the military, so the armed police hospital, like the military ones, does the most.”
(Recording 7. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 115)
On December 17, 2019, WOIPFG made an inquiry to Nurse Liu from the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University. Nurse Liu stated that the hospital could prioritize receiving liver donations, and that Director Zhou Jie specifically handles the Overseas Chinese Clinics (Huiqiao outpatient services). [243]
(Recording 145 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf184)
Doctor Wang, director and coordinator for kidney transplant operations at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong Province[244] (May 26, 2017) said that to wait for the kidney source and for the operation,
“including the physical examination, it will be within half a month, within two weeks. Even for half a month, or even two weeks, the estimates are on the long side. We ask for 400,000 yuan, and (you) give the hospital (another) 100,000 yuan. You need to find the ones (i.e. donors) under 30 years old. You get what you pay for, understand?!”
(Recording 146 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf 114)
Chapter 7: Organ Harvesting Under the Guise of Brain Death Donation
Currently, China does not have legislation on brain death, nor does it have established standards for diagnosing brain death, and it lacks a robust organ donation system. Therefore, there essentially do not exist “brain death donors” or “brain death donors.” An article from People's Daily on July 11, 2006, titled “China’s First Successful Heart Donation and Transplant,” states, “On July 1, 2006, China successfully performed the 18th case of voluntary and unpaid organ donation from brain death; this is the first successful heart transplant from a brain death donation in China.” Chen Zhonghua, the director of the Organ Transplant Research Institute at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, told reporters that up until now, China has successfully received 18 cases of voluntary and unpaid organ donations from brain death[245].
Furthermore, an article published on Tencent on August 22, 2014, titled “China’s Legal Void on Brain Death: 90% of Doctors Unclear on Diagnosis Standards,” states: Currently, over 80 countries around the world have included brain death in their legal definition of death, but China still lacks relevant legislation[246].
After 2015, various hospitals claimed to be using DCD (donation after cardiac death) and brain death donors. Because post-mortem donations are rare, DCD organs are also scarce. Transplant hospitals inform patients that the organs they use are from brain death donors. But is it genuine brain death or merely declared brain death? Is it voluntary donation or organ harvesting? Hospitals have the discretion to say whatever they want. Where do the large numbers of brain death organ donors in Chinese transplant hospitals come from? According to hospitals, the donors mainly come from brain death cases. They state that these cases are primarily the result of traffic accidents and other unforeseen incidents. Statistically speaking, the cases of traffic accidents leading to brain damage without significant harm to vital organs should only represent a portion of the total. After excluding patients with other underlying diseases, the number capable of reaching a donation status decreases further, and most of these individuals are citizens who have not registered for organ donation. Once family members are found and persuaded to agree to donation, how many will actually go through with it? Is it possible that they support the currently massive organ transplant market?
To this day, the Chinese medical community has not enacted a “Brain Death Law,” nor has it established any relevant legal regulations as prerequisites. Due to the lack of transparency in the donation process and related information about brain death “donors,” there are grounds for suspicion that hidden agendas may be at play. Among the hospitals investigated, respondents indicated that aside from a few organ transplants from relatives, the sources for allogeneic transplants are primarily brain death organs. This suggests that in the absence of legislation regarding brain death in mainland China, the transplant community has fully adopted the use of brain death organ donors.
After the Communist Party of China declared in 2015 that it would stop using organs from executed prisoners, voluntary donations from citizens after death became the sole source for organ transplantation. However, since then, Chinese transplant hospitals have publicly utilized their own “brain death standards” to obtain or even fabricate “brain death organs” cases for transplantation. After 2015, under the guise of the so-called “brain death” organ donations replacing the “death row inmate organs” and the legal façade of the National Health and Family Planning Commission’s online organ distribution system, the crime of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners has become routine business, even more high-sounding and deceptive than before.
“Brain Death” as a Common Pretext for Living Organ Donors in Mainland China
Our organization analyzed a number of medical papers published in mainland China and found a significant number of them refer to organ harvest victims as “brain death donors.” The extraction of organs from brain death donors is widely recognized and legally protected internationally. However, China has never enacted legislation on brain death, nor does it have a robust organ donation system, so there fundamentally do not exist “brain death donors” or “brain death organ donors.”
1.Concepts of Brain Death and Cardiac Death
Typically, death is defined as the cessation of heartbeats, breathing, and circulation, referred to as “cardiac death.” “Brain death” refers to the state where, after the complete loss of all brain functions and the cessation of spontaneous breathing, a person can still maintain breathing and heartbeat for a period of time with the assistance of a ventilator.
As of now, China does not have a nationally unified standard for diagnosing brain death issued by government administrative departments. In 2003, a drafting group from the Ministry of Health formulated the “Brain Death Determination Standards (Adults) (Draft for Comments)” and the “Technical Specifications for Brain Death Determination (Adults) (Draft for Comments),” which were published in major medical journals like the Chinese Medical Journal.
In 2009, the drafting group revised these two drafts into the “Brain Death Determination Standards (Adults) (Revised Draft)” and the “Technical Specifications for Brain Death Determination (Adults) (Revised Draft). [247]”
In March 2012, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (formerly the Ministry of Health) approved Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University as the brain injury quality control evaluation center. In 2013, this center modified and improved the aforementioned two drafts, merging them into the “Brain Death Determination Standards and Technical Specifications (Adult Quality Control Version),” published in the Chinese Journal of Neurology[248]. In 2019, the National Health Commission revised and published the “Chinese Adult Brain Death Determination Standards and Operating Specifications (Second Edition)” and the “Chinese Children’s Brain Death Determination Standards and Operating Specifications.” [249][250][251]
Strictly speaking, these determination standards and technical specifications are merely suggested medical industry standards; they are not even administrative regulations, let alone laws. The official website of the National Health and Family Planning Commission does not include this “Brain Death Determination Standards and Technical Specifications (Adult Quality Control Version)” in its policy and regulatory section, and the Brain Injury Quality Control Evaluation Center, the issuing body, is not listed among the direct or affiliated units on the official website[252].
According to the aforementioned documents, the clinical determination of brain death must include three criteria: deep coma, loss of brainstem reflexes, and absence of spontaneous breathing; all three must be present.
1.Organs from Cardiac Death Donors Are Not Suitable for Transplantation
Warm ischemia time refers to the period from the cessation of blood supply to an organ until the initiation of cold perfusion (cold storage). Cold perfusion involves using a special cold preservation solution (wash solution) to preserve the organ at low temperatures for a period of time. Cold ischemia time is the duration from the start of cold perfusion to when blood supply begins again after transplantation[253]. Cold ischemia time includes the transport of the organ, selection of the recipient, and the timing of the recipient's surgery.
The longer the warm ischemia time, the more severe the organ damage. When using a donor who died from an accident, the most challenging aspect to control is this time period. In mainland China, medical personnel take organs directly from executed prisoners to reduce warm ischemia time. If the body of the prisoner is transported back to the hospital for organ extraction, it prolongs the warm ischemia time, rendering most organs unsuitable for transplantation.
The Chinese medical community has long faced this dilemma: organs from cardiac death donors are not suitable for transplantation, yet there is no legislation regarding brain death. Lu Caide, director of the Organ Transplant Center in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, stated, “Currently, the standard for determining death in our country is cardiac death, and once the heart stops, the heart and lungs are both unsuitable for transplantation. The warm ischemia time for these two organs is extremely short, and the technical difficulty of transplantation is also very high[254].”
Zhang Xiaodong, director of the Kidney Transplant Center at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, stated, “When the heart stops beating and blood circulation ceases, the function of other organs will gradually decline. Even if people agree to donate organs after death, due to the prolonged warm ischemia time, most organs are no longer suitable for transplantation. The allowable warm ischemia times are: 3-4 minutes for the heart, 5-8 minutes for the liver, 30 minutes for the kidneys, and 24 hours for bones and corneas. If death is declared at the time of brain death, the functions of organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys remain intact and are suitable for transplantation to others[255].”
When organs are harvested from living donors, the warm ischemia time can be very short; for example, the warm ischemia time for a living kidney donation can be zero.
3.All Organ Harvesting from Brain Death Donors Is Illegal According to Chinese Law
On May 4, 2004, the Ministry of Health's press office issued a statement declaring that brain death is a method proposed by the medical community for determining death, which differs from the current standards for determining death. Establishing standards and technical specifications for brain death determination is one thing, implementation is another. Implementing brain death determinations requires corresponding laws and regulations as a prerequisite, meaning it can only be carried out after legislation has been passed[256].
According to Xinhua News on August 13, 2005, “Among the countries conducting organ transplants, only China has not implemented brain death legislation[257].” An article on Tencent on August 22, 2014, titled “China’s Legal Void on Brain Death: 90% of Doctors Unclear on Diagnosis Standards,” stated that more than 80 countries worldwide have included brain death in their legal definition of death, but China currently has no such legislation[258]. Huang Jiefu, then Vice Minister of Health, stated to Chinese reporters in 2006, “Currently, using organs from brain death donors for transplantation is illegal. [259]”
In 2004, Chen Zhonghua from the Organ Transplant Research Institute at Huazhong University of Science and Technology[260] noted in a paper on brain death legislation that “the incidence of primary brain death is very low, with the main inducing factors being cranial trauma and intracranial lesions. The incidence of cranial trauma in the normal population is 95 per 100,000. Some of those with cranial trauma die before being transported to the hospital, while those who survive face three scenarios upon arrival at the hospital: (1) they are out of danger; (2) they are in cardiac death; (3) they lose brain function and require a ventilator and medication to maintain breathing and heartbeat. Only the third scenario may involve the determination of brain death. Only voluntary organ donors need to undergo brain death determination. Therefore, the available organs from brain death donors are extremely limited.” Chen further pointed out that the incidence of brain death in the United States is 72 per 1,000,000, meaning that in a population of one million, approximately 72 individuals may experience ineffective treatment after cranial trauma and require a ventilator and medication to maintain heartbeat and breathing, being diagnosed as brain death because they are voluntary donors. In China, it can be said that “brain death donors” do not exist.
However, a significant number of papers published in professional journals in China mention that the organs used for transplantation come from “brain death donors.” Clearly, in mainland China, aside from the 95 cranial trauma cases noted by Chen for every 100,000 people, there is another group referred to as “brain death,” which is the main source of transplant organs in China. Based on annual transplantation numbers, this group is quite large.
Chen Zhonghua also acknowledged in his paper that China lacks legislation on brain death. However, he made a rather absurd argument: since China has neither legislation recognizing brain death nor legislation prohibiting its use, the act of using brain death individuals as donors is “strictly speaking, not illegal.”
4.Huang Jiefu States That There May Not Be Legislation on Brain Death for Another 20 Years
In March 2010, China officially launched a pilot program for human organ donation. In the first three years of local trials, among the 465 organ donations, the proportion of citizens choosing “brain death organ donation” was 9%.
In the pilot program that began in 2010, China adopted both “cardiac death” and “brain death” standards that could coexist, allowing the public to voluntarily choose their death standard, while legal regulations still maintained “cardiac death” as the unified standard.
In 2011, the Ministry of Health issued a Notice to Start Pilot Work on Organ Donation from Cardiac Death, proposing the “Classification Standards for Organ Donation from Cardiac Death in China,” which included three categories: brain death organ donation, cardiac death organ donation, and organ donation under the dual standards of brain and cardiac death, which reflects China’s unique characteristics[261].
In March 2017, Huang Jiefu responded to a question from a Beijing Youth Daily reporter regarding suggestions from representatives to legislate on brain death or include it in organ transplantation regulations. Huang stated that brain death is unrelated to organ donation. He remarked that including brain death in regulations is a misunderstanding among experts. In fact, we have already established three standards for determining organ donation death in China, which include brain death, cardiac death, and dual brain-cardiac death. Currently, 70% of donations in China are from brain death cases, indicating that the public has accepted that brain death can lead to organ donation; this has nothing to do with legislation. Among the remaining 30%, many involve dual brain-cardiac death, where doctors determine that the patient is brain dead and cannot be revived, but the family holds traditional beliefs and wishes for organ donation only after the heart has stopped. We can use machines to maintain oxygen and blood supply without harming the organs while waiting for cardiac death. Cardiac death donations also occur in Western countries. Therefore, it is important to consider China’s conditions; we cannot simply adopt Western regulations just because they include brain death[262]. In the absence of legislation on brain death in China, Huang Jiefu stated that the 70% of organs harvested from brain death states could be viewed as criminal acts.
In a March 2017 interview with China Business Network, Huang said: “Legislation on brain death may not happen for another 20 years. How could we possibly legislate on brain death? Many people don’t understand what brain death is. Very few truly understand the standards of brain death, and now many confuse vegetative states with brain death. Therefore, this issue does not exist, and there is no necessity for it. Last year, there were 4,080 organ donations, which is unrelated to brain death or legislation[263].”
5.The "Guidelines for Lung Transplant Donor Standards and Acquisition" Suggest That Organ Transplants from Brain Death Donors Involve Illegal Harvesting and Murder
In the standard manual titled "Guidelines for Lung Transplant Donor Standards and Acquisition" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines")[264], authored by Chen Jingyu, it is claimed that “since 2015, organ donations from citizens who have suffered cardiac and brain death have become the sole source of lung transplants in our country.”
In official documents and Chen Jingyu's personal Weibo posts, the organs for lung transplants are almost exclusively from “brain death” donors. Why does the "Guidelines" manual not use the term “brain death donor”?
One significant reason is that, at the legal level, the “brain death” standard has not yet been confirmed by Chinese legislation. In other words, Chinese law does not recognize that individuals declared “brain dead” are actually dead. Chinese law still employs a “comprehensive standard” consisting of three criteria: cessation of spontaneous breathing, cessation of heartbeat, and loss of pupil reflex.
This leads to the shocking conclusion: using “brain death donors” for organ transplantation is illegal in China!
In January 2020, researchers conducted a survey titled “Current Attitudes of Citizens Toward Legislation on Brain Death Standards” at Wuxi People's Hospital, where Chen Jingyu works. However, the survey results indicated that public recognition of brain death remains low, and there is a lack of public support for the legislation of brain death standards[265].
The "Guidelines" then contradictorily state: “Our country adopts the dual brain-cardiac death determination standard. If the donor is declared brain dead and the family acknowledges the brain death, the donor will be treated according to the brain death donor process; otherwise, a brain-cardiac dual death determination will be conducted.” In other words, as long as the family agrees, the donor will still be treated as a brain death donor.
If the "Guidelines" clearly specify that the source of the lungs is “brain death donors,” it would be equivalent to an admission of illegal activity under the name of the state. Its contradictory statements merely serve to highlight its attempts to obscure the truth.
Since legally, brain death individuals are not considered dead, the surgical procedure for lung transplantation, which involves the complete removal of the heart and lungs, would lead to the absolute death of the donor. Thus, it can be inferred that the use of brain death donors in Chinese organ transplantation may involve illegal harvesting and murder! [266]
6.Core Personnel in China's Organ Transplant Industry, from Former Deputy Minister of Health Huang Jiefu to Chief Surgeon Chen Jingyu, are Fully Aware of the Lack of Legislation on Brain Death, and Clinical Doctors Face Legal Risks and Potential Criminal Charges
According to a report from Guangmingwang on September 3, 2013, new regulations state that organ donation must occur after the donor’s death. However, does “death” refer to the cessation of heartbeat and breathing, or to brain death? Medically, organ harvesting must be conducted within minutes after the heart stops to allow for perfusion and preservation; otherwise, clots will form and the organs will become unsuitable for transplantation. Brain death patients can maintain respiration and blood flow through mechanical means, making organ transplantation most feasible in such cases. However, there is currently no legislation on “brain death” in China, and harvesting organs from a brain-dead state could be viewed as a crime[267].
Li Leishi, former director of the PLA Institute of Nephrology, stated: “In China, organ donation after a citizen’s death only exists theoretically; in practice, it cannot be achieved because there are no institutional or legal conditions for its existence. Not everyone can donate organs; the requirements for donors are very high. Many patients who die from diseases may agree to donate their organs, but from a technical perspective, it is often difficult to succeed. Without a set of standards, contacting the family to discuss donation after death means missing the optimal time, resulting in prolonged ischemia of the organs, rendering them unusable for transplantation. Therefore, in China, there is no institutional foundation for post-mortem organ donation. Additionally, legal protection remains a significant challenge. China’s standards for brain death and organ donation lack legal safeguards, placing doctors in a position where performing surgery in such a legal vacuum could lead to criminal litigation, rather than simply a medical dispute. Sometimes, even if the organ donor agreed to donate while alive, the donation must ultimately be abandoned due to family issues or lead to legal troubles. [268]”
Zhu Youhua stated in an article on September 28, 2021, in the Chinese Medical Journal that “Legislation on Brain Death is Imperative Given the Current Status of Organ Donation Development in Our Country.” He noted that without legislation on brain death, while transplanting organs from a brain-dead patient is not illegal, it is also not legal. Due to the lack of legal protection, clinical doctors must assume certain risks. To mitigate these risks, a dual brain-cardiac death (DBCD) organ donation transitional strategy is currently employed to avoid medical disputes and potential criminal charges[269]. This implies that the transitional strategy of DBCD is used to mask the illegality of using brain-dead individuals as donors.
As of the writing of this report, China still lacks legislation on brain death. This means that all actions involving the harvesting of organs from brain-dead individuals are considered illegal under Chinese law. Even if the Communist Party were to announce brain death legislation on a future date, it would not negate the illegality of prior instances of using brain-dead individuals as donors.
7.After 2015, the Communist Party of China Fully Promoted Organ Donations from "Brain Death" Donors. Reports from the "World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong" indicate that the "brain-dead" individuals referred to by Chinese doctors are not genuinely patients who have undergone ineffective resuscitation and lack spontaneous respiration. Instead, they are likely healthy individuals who have been artificially rendered brain dead, the majority of whom are detained Falun Gong practitioners.
According to World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, which published evidence on the Chinese Communist Party's live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners found in mainland China's medical papers, in the cases cited within these papers, the “donor organs” are likely obtained from living individuals who have been killed through organ transplantation procedures by medical professionals[270].
II. "Brain Death Centers"
Reports of “Brain Death Centers” established across the country were disclosed by transplant doctors from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University on July 20, 2015. Huang Jiefu serves as the honorary director of this hospital's transplant center. Allegations suggest that prior to discontinuing the use of organs from death-row prisoners, the Communist Party had already set up “Brain Death Centers” nationwide to ensure the availability of living donors.
The "Brain Death Centers" effectively serve as an intermediary stage between the living organ bank and hospital operating rooms. After a person is declared “brain dead,” they are artificially maintained in these centers to ensure respiration and circulation, allowing for the harvesting of more organs. On the other hand, since the centers are storing “dead” individuals, the psychological pressure on transplant surgeons is significantly lower compared to extracting organs directly from a “living organ donor bank.”
On November 8, 2018, Wang Xuehao, director of the Liver Transplant Center at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, told investigators that most of the organs they use are sourced externally, obtained from the brain death center.
(Recording 147. Play and download MP3; for the complete audio record, please see pdf 83)) [271]
On December 2, 2018, Dr. Li, on duty in the Urology Department at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, responded to an investigator's question about the kidney source: “Do you find the source yourselves? Do you go directly to the source to get it?” He confirmed, “Yes, we go directly to get it.” (The source refers to the brain death center.)
(Recording 148. Play and download MP3; for the complete audio record, please see pdf 84) [272]
1.The First Appearance of the Term "Source"
The first mention of the term "source" occurred on February 7, 2015. A nurse on duty in the liver transplant department at Renji Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, stated: "We obtain organs directly from the source! We have many channels and can retrieve organs from all over the country, not just from our vicinity. We can perform living donations and go directly to the donor ourselves, which certainly ensures quality. When we go to retrieve the organ, we do blood plasma tests, HID tests, and blood type tests right on the spot. Everything is confirmed on-site. Once we have the organ ready, the patient is prepped, and even before the liver arrives, the patient is already in the operating room. We've already booked our flights back and forth!"
(Recording 149. Download MP3; for the complete audio record, please see pdf 85)
On February 8, 2015, Tan Yunshan, director of the liver pathology department at Zhongshan Hospital, affiliated with Fudan University, told investigators: "All of our livers are obtained directly from the source! Why do we obtain them directly? Because when we go ourselves, we can control all the original data about the donors. When we rely on others to retrieve them, they sometimes cannot guarantee those conditions. By going ourselves, we can ensure those conditions, so the vast majority of livers in our hospital are obtained by us."
(Recording 150. Download MP3 ; for the complete transcript, please see pdf 86)
2.First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Has a "Brain Death Center"
On July 20, 2015, Qin Han, a pediatric heart surgeon at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, told investigators: "We have a dedicated brain death center right here in our South China region, at our hospital and Huangpu Hospital, which is about a forty-minute drive away. We have two campuses: the main campus and the Huangpu campus. Surgeries are performed at the main campus, while organ retrieval is done at the Huangpu campus. The organs retrieved there do not suffer from warm ischemia. That center of ours is specifically operated for organ transplantation. This is the case nationwide; we’ve already eliminated the so-called death row inmate donations. So, it’s like this across the country, and likely in every major city. In the South China region, we might be the only center, a transplant center like this. For example, if a certain type is needed in some places, they just call us to request it, and that’s about how it works. Our main supply is for Guangzhou, with priority for Chung Shan Hospital, since we operate it ourselves!"
(Recording 151. Play and download MP3-1 and MP3-2; for the transcript, please download the attached pdf 87-1 and pdf 87-2)
Doctor from the Liver and Kidney Transplant Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Area 3, aka Huangpu District) (2017-08-03):
"Currently, the number of donors has increased compared to before... The donors now are all brain-dead individuals... These organs can't be transported; once the time is extended, it will affect their function. So now, the general practice is based on the principle of proximity... It's distributed uniformly by the state... If the organs are donated to the university, they first retrieve the organs and then transport the body to the university."
(Recording 152. Download MP3, full transcript in pdf 88) [273]
Doctor from the Kidney Transplant Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Area 2) (2017-09-26):
"Kidney donations come in batches; sometimes several come at once, and after a few days, another batch arrives. The ones that come are all from cadavers (brain-dead or live donors), not organs. The donor organs are harvested at our hospital."
(Recording 153. Download MP3, full transcript in pdf 89) [274]
3.Other Cases of Organ Harvesting
Investigation Subject: Dr. He Fangping, Liver Transplant Doctor at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
Investigation Date: June 4, 2017
Summary:
He Fangping: "Recently, we’ve done over 60 liver transplants. As for DCD (Donation after Circulatory Death) livers, we’ve done around 30 so far. Altogether, we’ve been doing this for more than ten years now. As for living donors, we've done over 200 cases."
(Recording 154. Play and download MP3, full transcript in pdf 116)
Investigation Subject: On-duty Doctor at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Lingnan Hospital[275]
Investigation Date: October 2, 2019 (+86-20-82179622)
Summary:
"The liver donor cannot be harvested after they die; it must be taken before death."
(Recording 155 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf 110)
According to a 2023 investigative report by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong[276], Zhang Zhen, a liver transplant doctor at Beijing You'an Hospital, said: “The donor can generally read books and usually sleeps until around three o'clock.” (This description suggests the donor is likely a detained Falun Gong practitioner, as a brain-dead donor would not be able to read.) This indicates that the hospitals are supplied with living donors, from whom organs are harvested.
(Recording 155 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf11)
On March 3, 2022, a nurse in the kidney transplant department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital stated: “A person typically has two kidneys, right? You only have one person here; you still need to find a match for the other kidney to be removed. We basically perform kidney transplant surgeries with two people at the same time. [277]”
(Recording 155 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf93)
4. Organs from Living Donors
Chinese Communist Party lung transplant expert Chen Jingyu publicly admitted on social media that all the organs he uses come from living donors. [278] On May 8, he simultaneously wrote on WeChat and Weibo: “For a long time, we have used organs from death row inmates, which has led to ethical issues and international 'three no' policies resisting our organ transplants. We cannot publish articles on journals, cannot participate in academic conferences, and cannot go abroad for study and exchange.
“Since 2015, our country has fully promoted organ donations from heart and brain-dead individuals, with organs from citizens who are brain dead being our only source of organs. We are grateful for the approximately 6,000 altruistic organ donations each year, which have enabled our lung transplants to go global. [279]”
In addition to openly acknowledging the long-term use of organs from death row inmates in China, Chen Jingyu's remarks inadvertently revealed an even more shocking secret: all the organs he uses come from "brain dead" donors, rather than the “heart and brain death” donors that the CCP superficially promotes.
Patients classified as "brain dead" can maintain some breathing and heartbeat for a period of time through the use of a ventilator after losing all brain function and stopping independent respiration. Therefore, from an organ transplant perspective, a "brain dead" donor is considered living, a living body. In contrast, a “heart and brain death” donor has already stopped breathing and heart activity without artificial support, thus considered a deceased body.
The criteria for determining "brain death" remain controversial in the global medical community, and more importantly, Chinese law does not recognize "brain death." In late February of this year, NPC representative and liver transplant expert Lü Guoyue called for “accelerating the legislative process for brain death.” In an interview with the state media China News Service, he stated that implementing brain death legislation is challenging, partly due to the lack of public understanding. “This concept has not been fully popularized. Many people are even unaware of the concept of brain death.”
Currently, Chinese law employs a comprehensive standard for death. The judicial interpretation of Article 232 of the Chinese Criminal Law shows that “the standards for death traditionally adopt a comprehensive standard, which means cessation of spontaneous breathing, cessation of heartbeat, and cessation of pupillary reflex.”
To date, there is no legislation on "brain death" in China. Officially, there are no formal diagnostic criteria for "brain death." Therefore, all organ transplants using "brain dead" donors in China are illegal!
The Minghui.org e-book Analysis of the 'Vertical Evidence Chain' of Organ Harvesting (hereinafter referred to as Vertical Evidence Chain) points out, “Since, from a legal perspective, brain dead individuals are not considered dead, the lung transplant procedures that involve the complete removal of lungs will lead to the absolute death of the donor. This leads us to a significant conclusion: Organ transplantation in China using brain dead donors is suspected of organ harvesting and murder!” [280]
3. A Large Number of DCD Donated Organs with Warm Ischemia Time of 0 Minutes—Suspected Organ Harvesting
In the United States, organ donation from deceased citizens requires a wait of 5 minutes after the removal of life support before death can be declared and the organs used. In China, this wait is 2 to 5 minutes. Considering the time needed to open the chest cavity and remove organs, a warm ischemia time of less than 2 minutes is impossible[281].
However, in a random search of papers from Chinese transplant hospitals, we found six papers claiming to use DCD donated organs that reported warm ischemia times of less than 2 minutes. For example:
One paper shows that in China's new citizen donation system, the most important part—the first registered Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) hospital (2011)—the General Hospital of Guangzhou Military of PLA reported a warm ischemia time of 0 minutes for 33 cases of DBCD (Donation after Brain and Cardiac Death) and 5 cases of DBD (Donation after Brain Death).
E copy of this form
Figure 4. A master’s thesis from Guangzhou Medical University reveals that from February 2009 to September 2012, the General Hospital of Guangzhou Military of PLA had 33 cases of DBCD and five cases of DBD, in which the organ donors all had a warm ischemia time of zero (underlined).[282]
Table 6. Five other medical papers showing evidence of suspicious warm ischemia time
|
Serial number |
Hospital |
Operation dates and number of cases shown on the papers |
Warm ischemia time |
|
1 |
General Hospital of Guangzhou Military of PLA |
Paper published in June 2015, one case[283] |
0 |
|
2 |
Sun Yat-sen University Affiliated Chong Shan Hospital |
From October 2008 to December 2015, there were 62 cases of liver transplantation with organs donated by citizens after death, which were all in line with DBCD.[284] |
0-30 min |
|
3 |
First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University |
From January 2015 to August 2016, there were 87 cases of orthotopic liver transplantation, all used DCD donor livers.[285] |
1-8 min |
|
4 |
Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University |
From July 2012 to June 2015, there were 93 cases of liver donors and 87 cases of liver transplantation recipients.[286] |
1-12 min |
|
5 |
PLA No. 303 Hospital |
From January 2007 to December 2014, there were 31 cases of liver transplantation with organs donated by citizens after death, including 8 cases of class I, 3 cases of class II and 20 cases of class III.[287] |
2-13 min |
Yang Zhijian, a liver and gallbladder surgeon at PLA 181 Hospital (September 1, 2016): "Previously, the donors were taken from the execution ground; now they are taken from the hospital."
(Recording 155 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf 90) [288]
Doctor Wu from the Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou (2017-10-21):
"After the donor patient is brought in, they are kept in the ICU... The ICU and the operating room are located together, so the organ harvesting and transplantation are generally performed simultaneously."
(Recording 159. Play and download MP3, full transcript in pdf 91)[289]
Dr. Liao Jixiang, Liver Transplant Doctor and Organ Coordinator at the 303 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army (Nanning, Guangxi) (2017-05-30):
"Because you're performing surgery, someone has to pass away for it to happen! I guarantee you, the quality of the donor organs is definitely very good. We’ve been doing this for so many years, well, that’s how it’s been. Over here, we often use people in their teens or twenties, even children... Judicial (organ) quality may not necessarily be better than the current quality of brain-dead donors. At least we have to use a gunshot, and the heart has to stop for a few minutes, maybe twenty minutes or more. But with brain-dead donation, the time that used to be required for that procedure is almost non-existent now; it’s basically not needed at all."
(Recording 160. Download MP3, full transcript in pdf 92)[290]
4. The New Generation of Brain Stem Impact Machine—Artificially Induced Primary Brain Stem Injury Impact Machine
Wang Lijun, the former director of the Chongqing Public Security Bureau, applied for a patent in December 2011 as the lead inventor (along with co-inventors Yin Zhiyong, Zhao Hui, and Wang Zhengguo) for the " Impact Machine to Create Primary Brain Stem Trauma," which was granted the following year. The published information on this patent states that it is “a practical new type that can accurately prepare a primary brain stem injury model in medium-sized animals. [291]” The machine consists of a base, a high-speed air cannon, a secondary hammer, and a platform to secure the animal (actually a human head). Under the impact of the air cannon, the secondary hammer (a metal ball) directly strikes the skull, creating a shockwave that penetrates the skull to reach the brain, causing instantaneous brain death while maintaining breathing and heartbeat for a certain period.
In 2017, a reporter from South Korea’s “TV Chosun”, a TV station under the country’s largest newspaper, "Chosun Ilbo," investigated evidence of the brain death machine in China. According to expert studies, the sole purpose of this device is to induce brain death in humans, while all other organs remain in good condition[292]. The report exposed the illicit transplant surgeries conducted in Chinese hospitals, serving foreign individuals. The documentary revealed that since 2000, approximately 20,000 South Korean patients have undergone organ transplant surgeries in mainland China, with the majority of transplanted organs sourced from Chinese prisoners of conscience, particularly practitioners of Falun Gong.
"TV Chosun" found that the "brain death" organ donors used by Chinese hospitals are prepared using Wang Lijun's "brain stem impact machine" (see Figure 5). This indicates that the "brain stem impact machine" is not only used in laboratories but is also widely employed in the clinical procurement of organs for transplantation. The report further discovered that the Chinese authorities are developing a new generation of brain death machines, which have already been upgraded to the third generation. The reporter interviewed Lee Seung-won, president of the Korean Organ Transplant Ethics Association and a surgeon, who stated: “The ‘Primary Brain Stem Injury Impact Machine’ has no other use than to induce brain death for organ removal; who would willingly allow someone to become brain dead?”
Figure 5. A Model of the "Primary Brain Stem Trauma Impact Machine" Invented by Wang Lijun et al.
The invention and widespread use of the "brain death machine" have greatly facilitated large-scale organ harvesting. Prior to this, doctors responsible for organ removal faced real living individuals—people with thoughts, emotions, the ability to speak, and functioning limbs. Cutting into their bodies to extract organs such as hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys often meant dealing with their resistance and reproach, which put immense psychological pressure on these doctors. For example, in the Sujiatun concentration camp in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, many Falun Gong practitioners were secretly kidnapped and detained, and organ removal was conducted entirely on living people. Due to the extreme brutality of the process, most medical staff involved experienced severe psychological issues, including widespread insomnia and nightmares. Some sought relief through prostitution, and there were even reported cases of suicides due to overwhelming mental stress.
In early March 2006, the atrocities of organ harvesting by the Chinese Communist Party were first made public by Ms. Annie, a nurse at the Liaoning Xueshuanbing Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Unite Medical Center in Sujiatun, Shenyang. Her ex-husband, who participated in organ harvesting, was tortured by the experience and felt he could no longer engage in such crimes; he decided to flee the country. He told Annie, "You don't know my pain, because these Falun Gong practitioners are alive. It would be different if we were taking organs from dead bodies; these people are still alive."
With the "brain death machine," the Communist Party set up "brain death centers" across the country. These centers serve as an additional step between the living organ banks and hospital transplant rooms. Individuals matched for organ donation are rendered "brain dead" by Wang Lijun's machine at these "brain death centers," where artificial respiration and circulation are maintained to ensure that more organs can be harvested. Because they are dealing with "deceased" individuals, the psychological pressure on transplant doctors, guards, and others is significantly reduced compared to directly removing organs from living people. When asked about the source of the organs, many doctors state that they come from "brain death centers." If further questioned about how brain death occurred, they respond with vague reasons such as car accidents or accidental falls from heights. Upon probing for more details, the conversation typically ends there. Is it real brain death, or is it induced? Is it voluntary donation, or is it forced extraction? Doctors have the discretion to say whatever they wish.
Chapter Eight: Organ Procurement Organizations (OPO) Suspected of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners, Murder for Organ Theft, and Organ Trafficking Crimes
In late September 2012, the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Chinese Red Cross held a joint meeting in Tianjin to discuss the work of organ procurement and distribution organizations in China, marking the beginning of the nationwide rollout of these organizations[293]. Organ Procurement Organizations (OPO) are led by the National Health and Family Planning Commission and have the primary responsibilities of promoting donations, maintaining organs, entering data, allocating organs, performing organ removals, transportation, transplantation, and post-operative management[294]. However, under the Communist Party's regime, OPOs are suspected of crimes related to the organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners, murder for organ theft, and organ trafficking.
On November 25, 2014, the OPO Alliance was established at the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, uniting previously established OPOs from various hospitals. Ye Qifa, an organ transplant expert from Zhongnan Hospital and the Executive Chairman of the OPO Alliance, introduced that Huang Jiefu, the director of the China Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, serves as the honorary chairman of the alliance, while Zheng Shusen, chairman of the Chinese Medical Association's organ transplantation branch, serves as its chairman. The OPO Alliance primarily consists of organ transplant surgeons, neurosurgeons, critical care physicians, and nurses. [295]
I. The Three Chairpersons of the OPO Alliance Suspected of Organ Harvesting
The honorary chairman of the OPO Alliance, Huang Jiefu, chairman Zheng Shusen, and executive chairman Ye Qifa are all suspected of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners.
- Huang Jiefu, Honorary Chairman of the OPO Alliance, Suspected of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
Huang Jiefu managed to match three living donors within just a few hours for backup. According to reports from "Urumqi Online," Sina News, and the magazine "Chinese Nurses," [296] on the afternoon of September 28, 2005, Huang Jiefu, then Deputy Minister of Health, demonstrated an autologous liver transplantation surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, using three living individuals as backup liver donors. One of these was found by Chong Shan Hospital within just a few hours. [297]
By the end of 2012, when Huang Jiefu attended a meeting in Guangzhou, he personally performed three liver transplant surgeries during the breaks of the conference. When a reporter from the "Guangzhou Daily" mentioned this, Huang stated, "I performed over 500 liver transplant surgeries last year. [298]" Multiple doctors from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, where Huang Jiefu works, admitted to using organs from Falun Gong practitioners[299].
- Zheng Shusen, Chairman of the OPO Alliance, Suspected of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
Zheng Shusen served as the chairman of the Zhejiang Anti-Cult Association from 2007 to 2017, an organization specifically established to persecute Falun Gong. An investigative report by "The World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong" on August 31, 2019, revealed that Zheng Shusen participated in meetings aimed at persecuting Falun Gong in his capacity as vice chairman or chairman of the Zhejiang Anti-Cult Association in at least 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2012. He also served as the chief editor responsible for publishing "Research on the Prevention and Treatment of Cults in the New Era—Selected Academic Papers," a book published in 2009 that defamed Falun Gong in public opinion. During his tenure at the Zhejiang Anti-Cult Association, Zheng Shusen bears undeniable responsibility for the brainwashing and persecution cases involving Falun Gong practitioners in Zhejiang Province.
According to a special investigation by "The World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong," evidence such as Zheng Shusen's paper that was withdrawn from Liver International and problems with another paper, as well as audio recordings of an investigation of multiple doctors at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Zhejiang University School of Medicine, all suggest that Zheng Shusen’s hospital is a significant base for the alleged organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners, and he himself is a key organizer and executor of the large-scale organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners by the Communist Party. Furthermore, there is evidence indicating that the member units and individuals of the OPO, of which Zheng is the executive chairman, are also suspected of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners. [300]
- Ye Qifa, Executive Chairman of the OPO Alliance, Suspected of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
Ye Qifa is the vice president of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University and the director of the Ministry of Health's Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technological Research Center. [301]
In 2003, several provincial-level organ transplant organizations were established simultaneously at the Third Xiangya Hospital, and in 2005, the Ministry of Health's Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technological Research Center was officially formed at the hospital. This hospital has a large number of transplant beds and a strong transplant team, capable of conducting six to seven transplant surgeries simultaneously[302]. According to phone investigations, the hospital has a rich supply of donors and can source livers within two weeks, indicating a high volume of transplants. During the phone survey, Vice President Ye Qifa did not deny the use of organs from Falun Gong practitioners. The hospital is suspected of being one of the national organ distribution centers[303]. Given the context of the Communist Party's state-sponsored organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners, the Third Xiangya Hospital is a key unit severely implicated in the genocide crimes against Falun Gong practitioners[304].
- Hospitals and Transplant Surgeons in the OPO Alliance on WOIPFG’s list of Suspected Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners [305]
Forty-five directors, heads, and doctors from 41 transplant hospitals (centers) within the OPO Alliance have acknowledged that transplant donors are sourced from Falun Gong practitioners[306].
The first OPO organization—the Southern Theater Command General Hospital (formerly the Guangzhou General Hospital of the Guangzhou Military Region)—has doctors who admitted to harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners, and this organization has been involved in illegal organ trafficking.
On July 11, 2011, the earliest organ procurement organization (OPO) in China, the Guangzhou General Hospital of the Guangzhou Military Region, was established[307]. Attendees included then Vice Minister of Health Huang Jiefu and Director Wang Haibo of the National Organ Donation and Transplant Center. Reports stated that this hospital "had carried out the first organ distribution via China Organ Transplant Response System, and the first distribution of organs from patients declared cardiac-dead." Experts from the Chinese Communist Party's Ministry of Health said that these national firsts are epoch-making cases for China's organ transplantation business.” Ironically, that year, the hospital was also implicated in a significant organ trafficking case involving 21 organs from a kidney trafficking gang, yet it was claimed to be “voluntary donations.”
On August 10, 2014, a report by the Beijing News titled “Gang Removes 23 Donor Kidneys for Sale; Kidneys Airlifted Under Seafood Pretense” [308] stated that Chinese police found that the Guangzhou General Hospital of the Guangzhou Military Region was involved in a major case of captive breeding and harvesting donors and selling organs. “From October 2011 to February 2012, a kidney trafficking gang led by Chen Feng conducted kidney removal surgeries on 23 donors. Of the 23 kidneys removed, 21 were sent to the Guangzhou General Hospital for transplantation.” Notably, the then Deputy Director of the Kidney Transplant Department, Zhu Yunsong, was quietly “processed” in a separate case, and when a Beijing News reporter asked, “According to legal regulations, before organ transplantation, the clinical academic and ethics committee must review the legality of the organ source,” the official in charge of the hospital's organ transplant department refused to be interviewed.
II. Crimes of Murder, Organ Harvesting, and Organ Trafficking Involving Hospitals in the OPO Alliance
1.Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, part of the OPO Alliance, participated in the live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners and the theft of organs from homeless individuals.
On May 22, 2006, Dr. Lu Guoping from Guangxi Minzu Hospital repeatedly pointed out during an investigation by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong that his classmate, Dr. Miao from Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, had a large number of organs sourced from Falun Gong practitioners, and indicated that these individuals were contacted through Sun Yat-sen University[309]. According to a cover story in Caijing magazine on September 1, 2009, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University was involved in the crime of killing homeless individuals to harvest their organs[310].
2. Organ Trafficking Scandal Involving the OPO Organization at Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Where OPO Executive Chairman Ye Qifa Works
In 2016, an organ trafficking scandal erupted at Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University in Changsha, Hunan, involving the Chinese Communist Party's "Organ Procurement Organization" (OPO). At that time, on the “open government” column of Hunan Dao County Government web page, a local woman named Yin Quanzhu, suffering from uremia, accused doctors at Xiangya Third Hospital of selling organs. She stated that after undergoing a failed kidney transplant in 2013, she had to undergo three additional surgeries, costing 500,000 yuan in total, including 150,000 yuan for the kidney, for which she did not receive an invoice and had no reimbursement. She claimed to have suffered a grade 9 disability due to the surgeries and could no longer perform peritoneal dialysis, relying instead on hemodialysis to stay alive.
Yin Quanzhu experienced infection and bleeding in the transplanted kidney area, leading to the removal of the "new kidney" just 23 days after implantation. She underwent three more surgeries, incurring costs totaling 500,000 yuan, including 150,000 yuan for the kidney "donor fee," without any documentation or receipts. She subsequently filed lawsuits against Xiangya Third Hospital and two transplant doctors, Ming Yingzi and Ye Shaojun, resulting in a compensation of 180,000 yuan from the hospital. Another case accusing the two doctors of illegally charging 150,000 yuan as a kidney "donor fee" was heard in the Yuelu District Court of Changsha on June 24, 2015.
On June 25, 2015, Xiaoxiang Morning Post quoted Yin Quanzhu's husband, Xiong Jinxiang, stating that after his wife was transferred to Xiangya Third Hospital in November 2013, the transplant department's doctors requested a payment of 150,000 yuan for the "kidney fee," clarifying that it was not for surgical expenses but rather for purchasing the kidney. Both Ming Yingzi and Ye Shaojun admitted to receiving this amount during police questioning, stating, "This money is for donor fees, covering all costs associated with procuring organs, and there are no invoices or receipts. This payment is meant for all expenses related to identifying and acquiring donor organs, as well as compensation for the families for burial and other costs, which we hand over to the OPO organization to arrange. [311]"
3. The Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the PLA (formerly known as PLA 304 Hospital) Involved in Organ Trafficking
Reports indicate that the military's 304 Hospital participated in organ trafficking from 2010 to 2012[312]. In February 2012, the Haidian District People's Procuratorate in Beijing prosecuted Zheng Wei and 15 others for the crime of organizing the sale of human organs. This case was referred to as the largest organized crime case related to the sale of human organs in China at the time, with police verifying the involvement of 51 kidneys. The 51 living kidneys from Zheng Wei's group were funneled to the "304 Hospital," which is the First Affiliated Hospital of the General Hospital of the PLA. Reports suggest that the more opaque and closed-off areas—particularly those involving the medical system and the military—are more prone to foster crime.
4. Lu Sen, Chief Physician of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital and OPO Member, Involved in Illegal Organ Harvesting Case
According to reports from mainland media, between 2017 and 2018, Lu Sen, a chief physician at Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital, and Huang Xinli, a chief physician at Nanjing Gulou Hospital, conducted cross-regional human organ donations without approval. They performed organ harvesting surgeries on 11 corpses in Huaiyuan County, violating the deceased's wishes or those of their immediate relatives, and did so without signatures from spouses, adult children, or parents. Huang Xinli participated in all 11 cases, while Lu Sen was involved in one[313]. Lu Sen was a member of the OPO at Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital, primarily engaged in organ harvesting surgeries[314]. Huang Xinli worked with Lu Sen when he was at Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital. Before the case emerged, he served as the chief physician of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital[315].
5 .Huang Xinli, Chief Physician of the Organ Transplant Department at Nanjing Gulou Hospital and OPO Member, Involved in Illegal Organ Harvesting Case
Between 2017 and 2018, Huang Xinli, a chief physician at Nanjing Gulou Hospital, along with others, conducted cross-regional human organ donations without approval. They performed organ harvesting surgeries on 11 corpses in Huaiyuan County, violating the deceased's wishes or those of their immediate relatives, and did so without signatures from the deceased's spouse, adult children, or parents[316]. Huang Xinli was a member of the OPO (Organ Procurement Organization) at Nanjing Gulou Hospital, primarily engaged in organ harvesting surgeries[317]. According to the hospital's official website, Huang Xinli is a committee member of the Organ Donation and Management Study Group of the Jiangsu Provincial Medical Association's Organ Transplant Division. In January 2018, he was transferred from the Hepatobiliary Center of Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital to Nanjing Gulou Hospital through a "talent introduction" program[318].
III. The Opaque Operating Model of OPOs
The development of OPOs (Organ Procurement Organizations) in China is still in its early stages, with varying levels of construction and inadequate institutional and standardized management. There remains a significant gap compared to developed countries in Europe and North America, which does not meet the requirements for the healthy and sustainable development of organ donation in China. All organs obtained by OPOs are allocated through the China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS), which also maintains donor data[319]. The number of organs obtained by OPOs from COTRS cannot satisfy the demand for organ transplants that involve expedited kill-on-demand procedures and extremely short waiting times in China. OPOs operate without supervision. In contrast, in Europe and North America, OPOs are separated from hospitals and transplant teams, ensuring mutual oversight. Huang Jiefu stated in an interview with CCTV's "Face to Face" that all recipients and donors are within hospitals, and the entire chain of organ transplantation occurs there. He emphasized that the Red Cross cannot control these resources[320]. Additionally, many OPO members are listed among those implicated in the live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners, as reported by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong[321].
In a phone survey conducted on January 5, 2018, a doctor from the Kidney Transplant Department of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (+86-9318942498) noted: "We primarily handle kidney transplants in Lanzhou, with dozens of cases each year, but not exceeding a hundred. The hospital has dedicated personnel seeking donors. There are many patients waiting, but the number that actually receive organ donations is quite low, often fewer than ten a year. Previously, the health and quality of prison donors were better than those from voluntary donations; currently, the situation is the same. Major transplant centers like Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, and Chengdu Huaxi mainly rely on donations from brain-dead donors. Generally, each transplant center is paired with an OPO, which manages the organs. Typically, the organs obtained are used within the center, with any surplus occasionally sent to other hospitals."
Investigation Date: January 5, 2018
(Recording 161 is available for playback and download MP3; the complete transcript is included in the pdf 236)
The above phone survey illustrates that OPO organizations are not separate from organ transplant centers, highlighting a lack of supervisory mechanisms[322].
From recent phone investigations by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, we can observe the operating model of China's OPO centers[323]. These centers receive batches of "brain-dead" donors allocated by the government every few days, likely to avoid attracting attention. OPO centers also accept voluntary donations, and these individual cases are widely publicized, obscuring the presence of large numbers of unidentified "brain-dead" donors. It is reasonable to believe that many of these unreported "brain-dead" donors are likely illegally detained Falun Gong practitioners and others. They are artificially induced into a state of brain death, then sent to various hospitals' OPO centers for organ harvesting and transplantation. The previous practice of Huang Jiefu calling for two spare livers from living donors at Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital is similar to the current approach of distributing "brain-dead" donors to various OPO centers; the only difference is that the current method is more deceptive[324].
Chapter Nine: Organ Coordinators Reveal the Dark Side of Organ Donation
When talking about the current sources of transplant organs in China, Huang Jiefu stated that most organ donations still occur in hospital intensive care units (ICUs). "For example, there are 6 million deaths in ICUs every year; if just 0.1% of those could result in donations, that would be sufficient. Organ donation policies require family consent, while individuals can express their willingness to donate. This is different from foreign practices, where donations can proceed if individuals do not object. In China, even if individuals express a willingness to donate, family members must also agree, which aligns with Chinese cultural values. [325]"
In reality, organ donation coordinators face significant challenges. Their job can even pose safety risks, as coordinators have no effective way to predict whether a family member will suddenly become emotional, lash out verbally, or even become violent. In 2012, when coordinator Guo Yong visited various hospitals in Hunan, he was often advised by local doctors: "Don't do this; it's too dangerous. The medical care environment is so poor now, and when patients are already brain-dead, removing organs will provoke the family." It took Guo Yong nine months to complete his first successful organ donation case[326]. For organ donation coordinators, facing rejection is common, and even up until the last moment, they may not know what the outcome will be[327].
According to a report from Guangmingwang on September 3, 2013, China's "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" stipulate that if a citizen has not consented to organ donation during their lifetime, no organization or individual may donate or harvest their organs; if a citizen has not expressed opposition to organ donation, their family may consent to the donation after their death. However, in practice, there are often dilemmas, such as "organs are suitable for donation, but family members cannot be found," or "the deceased was willing to donate, but the family does not agree." One organ donation coordinator noted that out of 100 potential organ donors, about 50 have organs that do not meet the criteria, around 30 have suitable organs but miss the optimal donation window, and more than 10 ultimately abandon the donation due to family objections. Successfully completing even five donations would be considered quite high[328].
I. Findings from World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong: 10 Phone Surveys of 8 Organ Coordinators at 6 Transplant Hospitals from July 2016 to June 2017 Revealed Numerous Issues[329]
- Involvement in Human Organ Bank
Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong: They guarantee the ability to obtain kidney donors under 30 years old within 10 days. The organs are sourced not from donations or the official organ procurement website but through their own channels. The Yantai Red Cross has separate contacts with local prisons, having established procedures for obtaining organs from prisoners.
Zhejiang International Hospital: Liver sources primarily rely on the connections of Hospital Director Zheng Shusen, with liver source information available every two days.
Nanning 303 Hospital, Guangxi: "We receive allocations from the national organ procurement website, and they arrive as scheduled."
2."Brain Death" Donations Indicate Live Organ Harvesting
Nanning 303 Hospital, Guangxi: For death row inmates, there is a need to take lethal shot, and the heart must stop for several minutes—sometimes up to twenty. However, in cases of brain death, this timing is almost non-existent; the organs are obtained almost immediately. To perform a surgery, one person must be deceased. (Further analysis follows.)
Guo Hui, Organ Coordinator at West China Hospital of Sichuan University: "Living transplants come from two sources: either from relatives or from brain-dead donors. Currently, all transplants occur through these two channels."
3.Suspicious "Persuasion to Donate" Practices at Various Hospitals
Ma Xiao, Organ Coordinator at 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing: "I contact hospitals to coordinate with donors; we have many partner hospitals."
Hunan Xiangya Second Hospital: "It mainly relies on the doctors at the hospitals below. We instruct doctors to talk to patients; family members are skeptical of us, they trust the doctors. If there is doubt, the local Red Cross is responsible for explaining that this work is a normal operation supported by the state."
Investigation recordings:
Investigative subject: Director Wang, Coordinator for kidney transplant operations at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong Province[330]
Phone number: +86+ 13181994782 Date: 05/26/2017
To wait for the kidney source and for the operation, “including the physical examination, it will be within half a month, or even two weeks, the estimates are on the long side.” We ask for 400,000 yuan, and [you] give the hospital [another]100,000 yuan. “You need to find the [donors] under 30 years old. You get what you pay for, understand?”
(Download Recording 162 MP3， please see Addendum 1)
Investigative subject: Director Wang, Coordinator for kidney transplant operations at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong Province[331]
Phone number: +86+ 13181994782 Date: 06/10/2017
(Waiting time for kidney transplant) For blood type B patients, it’s within 10 days, one week or ten days. (Question: Donor quality?) Young people. (Question: Where do the donors come from?) We have our own channels. You don’t have to ask. (Question: Taken from national organ network?) That’s all deceiving people. They are all formalities. It is inaccessible. It belongs to the armed police. It’s not like that anyone can access it.
(Download Recording 163 MP3， please see Addendum 2)
Investigative subject: Doctor Li, coordinator for kidney transplant surgeries at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong Province[332]
Phone number: +86 18660597760 Date: 04/18/2017
“With blood type B, there are many donors, so it’s going to be quick.” “We’ve just done a few Type B cases…about half a month.” Donors from prisons, with the consent of their families, can be used, and these donors are available.
(Download Recording 164 MP3， please see Addendum 3)
Investigative subject: Doctor Liao Jixiang, Organ Procurement Coordinator at the Organ Transplant Department of the People’s Liberation Army No. 303 Hospital in Nanning, Guangxi Province[333]
Phone number: +86 182 7573 1616 Date: 05/30/2017
“The quality of that type [of organs] is not necessary better than brain death donors. [The prisoner donors] needed to be shot, and the heartbeats would have been stopped for several minutes, over 20 minutes, [before the organs were excised]. For brain death donors, this portion of time is almost non-existent. There’s almost no wait time to procure [the organs]. Also, we excise organs from braindead people, according to the government’s [regulations] right now. They are even more than what we need. When you do a surgery, one person must be gone.”
(Download Recording 165 MP3， please see Addendum 4)
Investigative subject: Doctor Liao Jixiang, Organ Procurement Coordinator at the Organ Transplant Department of the People’s Liberation Army No. 303 Hospital in Nanning, Guangxi Province[334]
Phone number: +86 182 7573 1616 Date: 06/11/2017
“There should have been more than 120 cases of organ transplantation [this year].” “The organs are not from the Red Cross. There is a set of national procedures to follow [for organ allocation].” “For kidney transplantation, before reimbursement, it’s about 300,000 yuan.”
(Download Recording 166 MP3， please see Addendum 5)
Investigative subject: Guo Hui, Organ Procurement Coordinator in the Organ Transplant Center at West China Hospital, Sichuan University[335]
Phone number: +86 189 8086 1857 Date: 01/30/2017
“Our living donor organ transplantation ranks first, and the quality of the donor organs is quite good. And kidney transplants are growing every year, 300,000 more per year nationwide.”
(Download Recording 167 MP3， please see Addendum 6)
Investigative subject: Ma Xiao, Organ Procurement Coordinator at the People’s Liberation Army No. 302 Hospital in Beijing[336]
Phone number: +86-13911099030 Date: 07/31/2016
“We have done a lot [of liver transplants]. “The organ transplantation is our highlight.”
(Download Recording 168 MP3， please see Addendum 7)
Investigative subject: Xie Qinfen, Organ Procurement Coordinator for Liver Transplantation at Zhejiang University International Hospital[337]
Phone number: +86+13968153957 Date: 02/28/2017
“We have done a lot [of liver transplants], and we do a good job.” “Generally speaking, it may take about two weeks [to get the liver]. Sometimes it’s very fast. Sometimes people can even do it on the second day. It depends on your situation. Critically ill patients can take the priority.” “Liver procurement mainly depends on President Zheng.”
(Download Recording 169 MP3， please see Addendum 8)
Investigative subject: Tan Liang, Organ Procurement Coordinator of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province[338]
Phone number: +86 15116101512 Date: 04/24/2017
“The hospital did over 300 cases of kidney transplantation. It’s mainly because of the doctors from different hospitals. Um, they help us carry out the work, this is the key part.” “Do you mean that kind allocated through the network? Well, just so so, just so so.”
(Download Recording 170 MP3， please see Addendum 9)
Investigative subject: Guo Yong, organ procurement coordinator of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province[339]
Phone number: +86+ 13787120686 Date: 04/25/2017
There are seven of us [coordinators liaising with local hospitals]
We let the doctors do it [i.e. the explanation] for us. The patients’ families don’t trust us, they trust the doctors instead. [We pay] around 80,000 yuan for each donor’s family…according the provincial government’s documents.
(Download Recording171 MP3， please see Addendum 10)
Investigative subject: Urology Department Kidney Transplant On-duty Doctor, Qianfo Mountain Hospital, Shandong Province[340]
Date: 2017-03-31 (+86+ 531_89268575)
"If you include family members, we can do over 100 surgeries in a year. The hospital has dedicated organ coordinators, and they are responsible for contacting the donors. As for donations, sometimes at the last moment, the person may decide not to donate, and this happens quite often."
(Recording 172, Download MP3, for the full recording, please see Addendum 30)
During a special investigation into 303 Hospital, multiple phone recordings confirm that this military hospital is involved in the large-scale harvesting of organs from living Falun Gong practitioners for transplantation. In two investigations on May 30 and June 11, 2017, targeting liver transplant surgeon and OPO member Liao Jixiang, he revealed numerous details about organ transplants at 303 Hospital. Many specifics about the live organ harvesting are little known and shocking! He explicitly stated that the donors do not come from the Red Cross but are allocated by the state, and he repeatedly hinted that the "brain-dead" organs currently being transplanted are indeed from the Falun Gong practitioners, as they have done previously. Here are some excerpts from Liao Jixiang's confessions.
Are the organs used by 303 Hospital from Falun Gong practitioners? The answer is affirmative. Their organ transplants exhibit all the characteristics associated with the live harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners' organs.
First, short waiting times for organs, even organs wait for patients.
Liao stated: "Our advantages are, first, the quality of liver donors is good, and second, it must be fast." He guaranteed that within a month there would be an "O" type liver available, saying, "Because we generally have about fifteen to twenty donors every month, I don't believe there won't be one suitable, good 'O' type liver." Liao indicated that they have many donors, stating, "We have acquired a hundred livers, and our center might only perform twenty of those; sixty or seventy, even eighty, are allocated elsewhere." Because the availability of donors is assured, the waiting times are short. The hospital has so many donors that it has become "excessive"; most livers that cannot find suitable patients are sent out. The notion of "organs waiting for patients" has long been established at 303 Hospital.
Second, Live Organ Harvesting
Liao stated that the time taken to obtain organs is almost nonexistent; there is no waiting period. In the past, there was at least a need for a lethal shot, and the heart had to stop for a few minutes—sometimes up to twenty. Liao implied that the warm ischemia time for their current organ retrieval is zero. This reflects the essence of Huang Jiefu's promotion of "brain-dead" organ donations. Organs are harvested before the donor's heart has stopped, and the victims are immediately sent for cremation to eliminate evidence.
Third, Killing for Organ Extraction when Needed
When Liao was discussing waiting times, he suddenly stated, "Some are not guaranteed, because to perform a surgery, a person has to be eliminated!" The casual manner in which a Chinese Communist Party transplant doctor when expressing such a brutal sentiment is shocking.
Fourth, Current Organ Quality is Better than Judicial Organs
It is well-known that Falun Gong practitioners are in good health, and the organs that are stolen from them are of the highest quality. For over a decade, the mainland transplant community has heavily relied on organs from Falun Gong practitioners rather than those from death row inmates. As a long-time "live-harvesting doctor," Liao Jixiang does not regard judicial organs highly, and he might not even have confidence in genuine donated organs.
However, Liao is enthusiastic about the current "brain-dead donation organs." This reveals that the "brain-dead organ donation" promoted by the CCP after 2015 is yet another scam! The CCP has replaced "death row organs" with "brain-dead donation organs," using deceptive tactics to continue covering up the truth about the live harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners' organs. From the initial donations to the later use of death row inmate organs, and now to the current "brain-dead donation organs," all these are different lies fabricated by the CCP at various times.
Fifth, Good Quality Donors … Years of Experience
In another investigation, Liao mentioned that the donor age ranges from 20 to 40 years. When boasting about the quality of the "brain-dead" organs they use, he casually remarked, "Because for so many years, that, that... it’s been like that."
303 Hospital serves as a key organ transplant research center for the military and is a major player in military transplants. Since it began performing organ transplants in 2005, there have been allegations of a large number of Falun Gong practitioners being killed for their organs. Liao's hesitations and vague references clearly indicate that he is talking about the organs they have been stealing from Falun Gong practitioners over the years, implying that the organs used now are the same as those from the past.
Sixth, Where Do the "State-Allocated" Living Donors Come From?
Liao assures that within a month, there will be an "O" type liver available because the hospital receives "state-allocated" donors, receiving 15 to 20 cases (living persons) each month. Anyone with basic knowledge knows that organs from normal donations usually come from accidental deaths or sudden illnesses, making them sporadic and unpredictable. Therefore, the "state organs" received regularly and in specific quantities by 303 Hospital cannot be from genuine donations. Where do these "state organs" come from?
Liao stated that the state does not allow you to know the information about the organs. All transplant organs should be publicly transparent and monitored throughout the process. The prohibition against knowing organ information itself is illegal. The truth must be hidden because it conceals heinous crimes, leading the CCP to classify this information as state secrets to deceive the outside world. The logical conclusion is that the donors come from living organ banks of detained Falun Gong practitioners.
On June 30, 2017, an investigator spoke with a nurse-on-duty in the kidney transplant department at 303 Hospital.
Question: "Do you have four kidney transplants scheduled for today?"
Answer: "Yes, yes! Dr. Gao is still in surgery and hasn’t come down yet."
Question: "Have those four patients been waiting long at your hospital?"
Answer: "Not long."
(Recording 173 available for MP3 download; complete recording is in pdf 41)
Such consecutive transplants indicate that a new batch of donors has arrived and must be processed quickly...
II. Organ Coordinators Expose the Dark Side of Organ Donation in China
According to reports from The Epoch Times, a liaison officer for organ donation in Liaoning, known as Liang Xin (pseudonym), disclosed the dark practices surrounding organ donation in China.
1.Organ Donation Coordinators Reveal No Organs are "Voluntarily" Donated
On April 14, 2021, The Epoch Times reported that Liang Xin revealed that despite the CCP's propaganda promoting "voluntary donations" through the Red Cross, in reality, no organs are truly "voluntarily" donated; they are obtained through coercion and bribery[341].
2.Organ Coordinator Reveals Distribution of 1.45 Million Yuan in Transplant Fees
On April 21, 2021, The Epoch Times reported that Liang Xin, who works in a department performing liver and kidney transplants, calculated the fees involved: "A liver transplant costs 550,000 yuan, while a kidney transplant is 450,000 yuan. For two kidneys, that totals 900,000 yuan. Altogether, that makes 1.45 million yuan for organs taken from one person. [342]"
How is this 1.45 million yuan distributed? Liang Xin explained the profit-sharing structure within the organ supply chain: "The profit distribution starts with the hospital, which is part of the distribution chain, and it also involves public security helping to check information." He noted that this 1.45 million yuan is essentially out-of-pocket transplant fees for the recipient, but only about half of this amount actually goes towards the recipient's expenses. Liang Xin stated, "After deducting costs like medication, there would be about 600,000 to 700,000 yuan left, which is kept secret and handled by the director of the organ transplant center." He mentioned that the director would not keep all of it for themselves, as they need to share some with those providing leads or with hospital management. If public security is involved in checking information, there would be payments to police officers as well. Liang Xin also indicated that "in Tianjin, there are many illegitimate sources of organs."
3. Families Provide Money, and Transplant Center Directors Quickly Find Suitable Organs
Liaoning is known for its transplant procedures, with claims of being able to perform surgeries "at any time, even calling in organs from other regions." "But how can one quickly find a suitable match? This is done by the recipient's family providing money, or through other means, such as approaching the director of the transplant center and manipulating the system to secure a spot. If you have money in China, you can make it happen," Liang Xin said. "When a suitable match is found, they proceed immediately; sometimes they can find a donor within a week."
4. Organ Coordinator Witnessed Donor Convulsing During Organ Removal – the donor’s alive.
According to a report by The Epoch Times on April 28, 2021, an organ coordinator witnessed a donor convulsing during organ removal[343].
As a coordinator for organ donations—publicly portrayed by the CCP as a bridge between life and death—this individual not only persuades the donor's family to consent to organ removal but also assists in the extraction process, gaining insight into many behind-the-scenes realities that are often unknown to outsiders.
"I have been in the operating room. When the organs are harvested, the person is declared brain dead, but they might not be completely brain dead; there may still be some awareness. When the organs are being taken, the person can jump or convulse, showing some response," Liang Xin described to The Epoch Times. "For example, their arms and legs may twitch when their chests are cut open." He further stated, "These donors are all said to be brain dead but are not actually dead; they are in a comatose state without spontaneous breathing. However, by strict standards, many are not fully brain dead. Many of them." He added, "I have the documents for the donation and the death certificate; the death certificate can be issued normally, but the cause of death will be listed as respiratory and circulatory failure. That’s how it’s written, as it is classified as natural death."
5. Doctor-Controlled Timing of Donor Death
Mainland media describes the work of organ coordinators as a race against time, as retrieving organs while the donor's cardiopulmonary system still shows vital signs—within two weeks or even shorter—is crucial for transplant success.
In a report by thecover.cn on April 1, 2021, Liu Lingli, an organ donation coordinator at Sichuan University’s West China Hospital, stated, “The hardest part is before the withdrawal of the cardiopulmonary support system.” On the hospital bed, the patient’s heartbeat and breathing continue, but brain function is lost; the gap between life and death, according to traditional views, is merely the presence of a ventilator. The decision of life and death rests solely with the doctors.
Liang Xin told The Epoch Times, “I encountered a case where the family was very poor, but the patient could have been saved. However, they refused treatment. The doctors starved the patient for a week until they reached the required condition to harvest the organs.” Liang mentioned that he has seen such situations more than once. In September and October of the previous year, he encountered another case involving a prisoner sent from jail.
The donor was kept alive through medication administered by the doctors. “They sustained life with medication for five or six days. In ICU terms, I can use medication to decide when he dies or when he lives. Controlling the time of death is medically possible,” Liang said. “This person ‘donated’ one liver and two kidneys, and the donor organs are fully utilized.” He added, “Matching is done through the matching database.”
6. Organs from Falun Gong Practitioners Are Still being Used
Liang also told The Epoch Times, “You can’t find organs abroad, but here you can find organs anytime because all the national data is available.” He mentioned, “I believe there will still be organs from Falun Gong practitioners because they need to write political review reports every year, which mention Falun Gong, and I think this situation still exists; it’s just that I don’t have access to it.” Liang also disclosed a particular experience of a department head at a medical university hospital, suggesting that he was already aware of the organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners.
III.Chinese Pressured to Donate Organs of their brain death family members[344]
In recent years, the Red Cross Society of China has extended its influence over hospitals, inducing the families of patients to donate organs. Family members of victims have reported that this is part of the CCP's organ harvesting system. Yan Kewei, a New Zealand dissident who has been tracking the truth behind organ donations for a long time, stated in an interview with The Epoch Times that as a family member of a patient, experiencing tragedies like car accidents is incredibly painful, making it unlikely for them to voluntarily agree to donate organs. Therefore, the CCP's medical system employs this tactic to coerce families into donation.
In early January 2021, Yan Kewei’s father, Yan Bangguo, was unfortunately knocked by a three-wheeled cargo motorcycle, losing consciousness for three minutes but regaining awareness afterward. Doctors at Hechi City People’s Hospital in Guangxi performed a tracheotomy due to insufficient blood oxygen levels, and afterward, the patient fell into a coma and was transferred to the ICU. Days later, the doctors indicated that the best-case scenario for the patient was a vegetative state and began discussing organ donation. When the family disagreed, the doctors proposed a long-term treatment plan, suggesting a stay in the ICU for two to three months, followed by weaning off the ventilator and then treatment in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber. The doctors admitted that some patients do recover after six months or a couple of years.
Twenty days passed without improvement, and the doctors urged the family to consider the Red Cross program. “It was as if I was overwhelmed; only then did I agree,” Yan Kewei told The Epoch Times.
However, the next day, possibly due to unsuccessful matching, the doctors changed their story, stating that the patient wouldn’t last much longer. On the night of January 24, 2021, 62-year-old Yan Bangguo passed away, with the cause of death listed as "multiple organ failure" on the medical certificate.
“It is very likely that the hospital’s intent from the beginning was to ensure that you donate organs. The entire process is designed—from admission procedures to exorbitant costs, followed by prolonged ineffective treatments that accumulate medical expenses, placing pressure on the family. Then, they throw in the idea of organ donation, promising to relieve you of medical costs. It’s a ‘gradual persuasion’ process, a very mature tactic.” “Many patients are trapped by the hospital’s schemes. Since there is no free healthcare in China, after spending tens of thousands daily in the ICU over several days, totaling around 200,000 yuan, it’s an astronomical figure for most families. This coercive inducement leads families to donate organs.”
He searched on Baidu News using keywords like “accident + organ” or “organ + donation,” discovering that such cases appear weekly across the country.
Chapter 10: Suspicious Data on China's Donor Organ Utilization Rate and Serious Waste of Donated Organs Reveal Other Sources of Organs
The rate of organ utilization from donations in China is suspiciously high, far exceeding what could realistically be expected given the health conditions of the population. This rate is significantly greater than that in the United States, where both health conditions and the organ donation and allocation systems are much better than in China. Furthermore, the degree of waste observed in transplant hospitals regarding allocated donated organs indirectly supports the existence of a vast, secret source of human organs.
1. Suspicious Organ Donation Utilization Rates in China Indicate a Large Number of Healthy Individuals Used as Organ Donors by the CCP
In the United States, the number of donors in 2017 was 10,287, with 21,753 liver and kidney transplants performed, and a total of 28,588 transplants including hearts and lungs. The average total organ utilization rate per donor was 2.8, with a total liver and kidney utilization rate of 2.1 per donor.
Figure 6: Statistics on Organ Donation and Transplants in the U.S. for 2017[345]
The organ donations made in 2017, as claimed by the CCP, were 5,148 cases,[346] and there were 16,000 cases of vital organ donations, an increase of 25.9% from 2016. Among these 16,000 cases, there were only 224 cases of lung transplantation. In China, organ transplantation surgeries are mainly liver and kidney transplants. The annual volume of heart transplants is only 300 to 400 cases, and there were 368 cases of heart transplantation in 2016.[347] That is, according to the figures provided by Huang Jiefu, China’s total utilization rate of organs donated after death is greater than three, and the total utilization rate of donated livers and kidneys is greater than three. How can this be possible? In 2021, the average number of organs donated per donor was 3.25, with an average of 0.93 livers, 1.9 kidneys, 0.15 hearts, and 0.27 lungs[348]. The organ acquisition utilization rate was 95.85% in 2020 and rose again in 2021 to 96.40%, with liver, kidney, heart, and lung utilization rates all above 95%[349].
China has the highest prevalence rate of liver diseases in the world. “As of December 31, 2016, in China, there were more than 433 million cases of major chronic liver diseases, of which more than 57% were non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and more than 21% were hepatitis B”.[350] Over the same time period, China’s total population was 1.379 billion. That is, 31.4% of the total population was suffering from liver diseases, of which 17.9% had non-alcoholic fatty livers. According to organ transplant standards, fatty livers and livers with hepatitis B virus cannot be used as donor organs. The world’s first case of a hepatitis B patient used as a liver donor took place in April 2014, in an experimental liver transplant operation.[351] At the same time, China’s kidney illness prevalence rate reached 13%.[352] Based on this percentage, regardless of other diseases that make one individual unsuitable as an organ donor, the maximum number of organs that each Chinese person could donate would be only 2.426 liver and kidneys. According to the official figures released by the CCP in 2017, if we take away the 400 cases of heart transplantation and 224 cases of lung transplantation, the number of utilized liver and kidneys donated by each person would be 2.96 on average. According to the CCP's official numbers for 2021, this figure is 2.83, far greater than 2.426 and much greater than 2.1, which is the liver and kidney utilization rate per donor in the United States[353], a country with better health care, a more healthy population, and better organ donation and distribution systems than China. This indicates a large number of healthy living people used as organ sources by the CCP’s state-run transplant system.
II. Behind The Severe Waste of Donated Organs
The "Zhejiang Verification Report on China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS)" has revealed the extent of waste in donated organs by transplant hospitals, indirectly confirming the existence of a vast network of secret organ sources. The verification report lists the proportion of overdue response rounds to the total assigned rounds of donated organs at transplant hospitals in Zhejiang Province. Among seven transplant hospitals, there were 8,323 assigned organ rounds, with 1,771 overdue response rounds, accounting for a staggering 21.28%. The report states, "Frequent overdue responses severely impact organ allocation efficiency, leading to waste." This indicates that hospitals in Zhejiang Province wasted one-fifth of the opportunities for organs allocated by COTRS. Internal reports from COTRS have disclosed that Zhejiang hospitals wasted a significant number of donated organs, which suggests that the reason the CCP-controlled medical system can afford to waste these organs is that there must be "sufficient" alternative sources of organ donors.
Typically, transplant hospitals register with COTRS based on the needs of transplant recipients and wait for donated organs. However, the fact that they abandon the allocated organs indicates that these hospitals have sourced the necessary transplant organs from channels other than donations[354].
Chapter 11: Transplant Hospitals Claim Unknown Origins of Donated Organs, Low Donation Numbers, and Organ Trafficking
According to years of ongoing telephone investigations by WOIPFG, some transplant hospitals claim that the organs they use are "all donated." Others say they are allocated online, but when pressed further, they mention that the director informed them. Some even state, "We have our own channels" or simply "No comment," and so on. One established fact from the investigation is that most organ donations at transplant hospitals are not voluntary; each hospital has its own multiple donor channels. Additionally, hospitals charge patients huge fees for donor organs, indicating organ trafficking.
I. Medical Staff Report on Organ Sources: "Own Channels," "Inconvenient to Disclose," etc.
Investigation Target: Doctor On-duty, Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Zhengzhou People's Hospital
Date: June 25, 2015
Summary:
The doctor on-duty mentioned that the waiting time for organ donors is usually fast, around 2-3 days, and can take up to 10 days in some cases. "We have many donors."
(Q: "What types of donors do you usually have?")
The doctor responded: "This... well... I can't disclose that, I can't tell you. Please don’t ask about these things."
(Recording 174, Download MP3, Full transcript in pdf 95) [355]
Survey Target: Ma Xiao, Organ Coordinator, PLA 302 Hospital, Beijing
Date: July 31, 2016
Summary:
"I go to various hospitals to coordinate with donors. We have many partner hospitals."
(Recording 175, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 101) [356]
Survey Target: Yang Ming, Director of PLA 181 Hospital (Guilin, Guangxi)
Date: January 21, 2017
Summary:
Director Yang Ming said, "We handle the donor issue for you, the most critical thing is to get them here first... don’t worry about the details."
Investigator asked: "How can there be so many donations?"
Yang replied: "We definitely have a lot! All over China, we’ve arranged for these donations. We’ve done a lot!"
(Recording 176, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 96) [357]
Survey Target: Doctor in Kidney Transplantation, Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital[358]
Survey Date: February 19, 2017 (+86+ 25_68136851)
Summary:
The hospital does a large number of kidney transplants, up to four or five surgeries a week, and as few as two or three. "We do the most in the province, although it's still less compared to Shanghai. There are various channels for obtaining donors, including prisoners who agree to donate. If a donor agrees, we can take the kidney even before they die, or just after death.
Who can guarantee that the kidney is truly donated? It could be from death-row inmates. Who knows where the kidney comes from?
(Recording 177, Download MP3, Full transcript in pdf25)
Survey Target: Director Hang Hualian, Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital
Date: March 25, 2017
Summary:
"This is not a problem. We handle the donor issue for you, we will take care of it."
(Recording 178, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 97) [359]
Survey Target: Director Wang, Kidney Transplant and Organ Coordinator, Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong
Survey Date: May 26, 2017
Summary:
Director Wang guaranteed that they could provide a kidney donor under 30 years old within two weeks (or ten days). "You get what you pay for."
The organ source is not from voluntary donations nor from the official health channels but through their own networks.
(Recording 179, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 94) [360]
Survey Target: Liao Jixiang, Transplant Doctor and Organ Coordinator, PLA 303 Hospital
Survey Date: June 11, 2017
Summary:
"The organ source is not from the Red Cross or national distribution. We get organs from the state organ allocation website. It just arrives when it's available."
"We don’t ask for donor details, we just use the organs, the source is unclear, and it’s not from the Red Cross."
(Recording 180, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 98) [361]
Survey Target: Liver Transplant Doctor, Nanjing Gulou Hospital
Survey Date: July 9, 2017
Summary:
The doctor mentioned they perform a lot of liver transplants. "The channels for organ sourcing are numerous, but we’re only responsible for the medical procedures and follow-up care. We don’t manage the rest."
(Recording 181, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 93) [362]
Survey Target: Nurse, Hepatobiliary Transplant 8th Floor, Section B, First People’s Hospital of Kunming
Survey Date: July 20, 2017
Summary:
The nurse stated they performed over 300 liver transplants the previous year and also carry out kidney transplants. "Once the donor is approved, the organs are delivered immediately."
(Recording 182, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 102) [363]
Survey Target: Dr. Sun Ran, Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University[364]
Survey Date: July 31, 2017 (+86+ 15890608008)
Summary:
“Nearly 100 liver transplants were done in the first half of the year. For compatible blood types, we can perform transplants within a few days. We don’t know exactly where the organs come from, but some are donated by ICU patients with severe conditions."
(Recording 183, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 101)
Survey Target: Liver Transplant Doctor, Second Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Hunan[365]
Survey Date: September 6, 2017 (+86+ 73185295208)
Summary:
"We did over 100 liver transplants this year, and nearly 20 last month. On average, we do about ten a month. In Hunan, nearly all liver transplants are done at Second Hospital of Xiangya."
"Wait times vary, some donors come in one day and the surgery is performed the next. Some wait for livers, some wait for patients!"
(Recording 184, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf5)
Survey Target: Liver Transplant Doctor, Qingdao University Medical College (Shandong’s Major Transplant Hospital)
Survey Date: September 8, 2017
Summary:
The doctor stated: "We just perform the surgeries directly, we do many of them! You don’t need to inquire about liver sources. If you want surgery, don't ask about these details. We don’t discuss the sources."
(Recording 185, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 103) [366]
Survey Target: Liver Transplant Doctor, Beijing Friendship Hospital
Survey Date: September 9, 2017
Summary:
The doctor said: "We don’t control the liver source, and you asking us is not helpful! The source is handled by the Health and Family Planning Commission."
(Recording 186, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 100)[367]
Survey Target: Nurse, Kidney Transplant, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region
Survey Date: September 11, 2017 (+86+ 2580860017)
Summary:
"We perform over 100 kidney transplants annually and several dozen so far this year. We don’t know the donor details, because we don’t have that information. You get it?"
(Recording 187, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 1) [368]
Survey Target: Nurse, Kidney Transplant, Fourth Military Medical University Xijing Hospital
Survey Date: September 17, 2017
Summary:
"The organs we use for transplants come from brain-dead or cardiac-dead patients in the emergency department. According to policy, organ distribution is done by the government, but hospitals also find their own donors."
(Recording 188, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 99) [369]
Survey Target: Kidney Transplant Doctor, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
Survey Date: September 26, 2017
Summary:
"Kidney sources arrive in batches, sometimes several come at once, and then we rest for a few days before more arrive. The organs come from deceased donor corps, not just the organs themselves. Our hospital has the certification to harvest them, so we usually do it ourselves."
(Recording 189, Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 104) [370]
Survey Target: Minister Gui Zhichao, Human Organ Donation Management Service Department (Stem Cell Donation Center and Human Organ Donation Center), Tianjin Red Cross Society
Survey Date: June 26, 2018
Summary:
"Over 100 organ donations per year are witnessed by the Tianjin Red Cross. If hospitals’ transplant organs don’t go through our witness, we can’t confirm whether they were voluntary and unpaid donations."
(Recording 190, Listen and Download MP3, Full recording in pdf 106) [371]
II. Transplant Hospitals Claim Low Numbers of Organ Donations
In July 2013, The Beijing News published an article titled "Human Intervention in Organ Allocation Raises Questions of Interest," reporting that as of July 2013, there had only been two cases of citizen organ donations in Jiangsu, with just 33 cases over three years. Many grassroots hospitals in Jiangsu are unaware of organ donation processes, when donations can be made, or how to donate, and the general public knows even less[372].
Investigation Subject: Liu Zhonghua, Chief Physician of Urology Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital
Investigation Date: March 2015
Summary: Liu Zhonghua, Chief Physician of Urology Department at Henan Provincial People's Hospital, stated: "Organ donation is almost impossible for Chinese people, it's nearly impossible to find donors, especially non-relatives. Who would be willing to donate to you?"
(Recording 191 Download: MP3, Transcript: Appendix 17)
Investigation Subject: Chen Zhaoyan, Doctor at Urology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
Investigation Date: February 20, 2016
Summary: The investigator asked if organ donation is rare in Harbin. Chen Zhaoyan responded: "Yes, it’s extremely rare. We can’t even do a few transplants in a year. [373]"
(Recording 192 Download MP3, Transcript: pdf 29)
Investigation Subject: Zhou Yanfeng, On-duty Doctor at Ophthalmology Department, Anhui Medical University
Investigation Date: March 7, 2016
Summary: Zhou Yanfeng (Phone: +8613805515080) said: "Our hospital doesn’t do corneal transplants anymore. We don’t have any corneas. No one is donating." When asked by the investigator if doctors in Anhui Province had reported performing over 300 corneal transplants last year, Zhou Yanfeng responded: "That’s impossible! Who’s donating? [374]"
(Recording 193 Download MP3, Transcript: Attachment 21)
Investigation Subject: Dr. Zhu, Liver Transplantation Department, You'an Hospital, Beijing[375]
Investigation Date: March 24, 2017 (Phone: +86 10-83997176)
Summary: The hospital performs over 80 liver transplants per year, with a waiting time of about 1-2 months. When asked if they still use prisoners for organ donations, the response was: "This is something I cannot tell you, I can’t disclose that."
Q: With all the Red Cross donations, can there be that many donors?
A: This ...... this I ......I cannot tell you. The kind that we used before is available or not? This I cannot tell ......
(Recording 194 Download MP3, Full Transcript: Attachment 16)
Investigation Subject: Dr. Zhang Wenlan, Medical Doctor, Kidney Transplantation[376] Department, First Hospital of Jilin University
Investigation Date: April 15, 2017 (Phone: +86 13756868617)
Summary: Dr. Zhang said: "We do about 200 kidney transplants a year. One-third are from family donations. Right now the state allows cardiac death donation, and there isn't a clear standard for brain death. In the Northeast, donations are not many; only about 50 to 60 donations per year."
(Recording 195 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf79)
Investigation Subject: Dr. Wu Shengdong, Liver Transplantation Department, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center[377]
Investigation Date: August 22, 2017 (Phone: +86 13567886669)
Summary: Dr. Wu stated: "We perform many liver transplants. For Type B blood, we can perform a transplant within a month. We’ve performed over 30 now and can do over 60 this year. However, organ donation is scarce across the country. People’s attitudes haven't changed much."
(Recording 196 Download MP3, Full Transcript: Attachment 31)
Investigation Subject: Nurse, Kidney Transplant Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine[378]
Investigation Date: August 1, 2017 (Phone: +86 57187236871)
Summary: The nurse mentioned: "We perform many transplants! On average, we do 30-40 cases per month.” Q: 30-40 cases per month, that’ll make 400 to 500 a year? Nurse: “Yes, that’s right. If you’re waiting for a donor, it will take at least 5 years."
(Recording 197 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf 154)
Investigation Subject: Hu Yalan, Organ Donation Coordinator, Seventh People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou[379]
Investigation Date: August 28, 2017 (Phone: +86 13838586622)
Summary: Hu Yalan stated: "This year, we’ve done 60-70 cases. We now perform brain-dead organ donations. However, people still have difficulty accepting the idea of organ donation, and even when the donor meet the criteria, the families often do not accept it, and transplant cannot be done."
(Recording 198 Download MP3, Full Transcript: Attachment 54)
Investigation Subject: Doctor, Kidney Transplantation Department, 474 Hospital of Lanzhou Military Region[380]
Investigation Date: August 31, 2017 (Phone: +86 9915954434)
Summary: The doctor commented: "There are no kidney donations in Xinjiang anymore! We used to have donors, but now it's very rare. Donations are mostly from brain-dead donors. Even those donations are very rare now."
(Recording 199 Download MP3, Full Transcript: Attachment 102)
Investigation Subject: Medical Officer, Hepatobiliary Ward, Baotou Steel Hospital, Inner Mongolia[381]
Investigation Date: November 15, 2017 (Phone: +86 4725992765)
Summary: The officer stated: "We can perform liver transplants, but there are no liver donors. In the past, we used organs from prisoners, which were of good quality. Now, donations are extremely rare. People don’t donate anymore, and the availability of liver donors depends on whether you have the money."
(Recording 200 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf 186)
Investigation Subject: Doctor, Kidney Transplantation Department, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University
Investigation Date: January 5, 2018 (Phone: +86 9318942498)
Summary: The doctor shared: "We are the major player of kidney transplant in Lanzhou. We perform around 50 to 100 kidney transplants a year, and we have dedicated personnel finding donors. Patients waiting for organs are many. However, the number of actual donations is very low, with less than 10 cases a year. Previously, the organs from prisoners were of good quality and healthier than those from donations. Now, domestic transplant centers, such as those at Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, and Chengdu West China Hospital, mainly rely on donations from brain-dead individuals. Each transplant center typically has an OPO (Organ Procurement Organization) to manage the organs. The organs obtained by OPO are generally used within the center, but occasionally, if they are not needed, they may be transferred to other hospitals."
(Recording 201 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf 236) [382]
Investigation Subject: Nurse, Liver Transplantation Office, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University[383]
Investigation Date: January 3, 2020 (Phone: +86 9318943396)
Summary: The nurse explained:
- "We have always been able to perform liver transplants."
- "You have to wait in line because in Gansu, the number of organ donors is really low, and the donation rate hasn't increased."
- "Organs are allocated according to proximity principles. Due to strict time limitations for ischemia, sometimes we have to go to Zhengzhou to bring a liver. Also, if we have a matching donor registered in our own hospital, we may proceed with the transplant here."
- "Jiao Zuoyi, our vice president, performs liver transplants."
(Recording 202 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf003)
Investigation Subject: Lung Transplant Doctor, China-Japan Friendship Hospital[384]
Investigation Date: March 2, 2020 (Phone: +86 108420629)
Summary: The doctor stated: "Organ donation is not something you can control, neither can we. There are specialized organizations for coordination, but organ donation is very difficult at this time. You get it? The whole process, including organ retrieval, is complicated and expensive. I’m not sure about the cost. You need to see first whether transplant can be done. For lung transplants, the cost depends. the risks are high, and complications can lead to costs reaching millions."
(Recording 203 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf012)
Investigation Subject: Urology Doctor, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University[385]
Investigation Date: July 1, 2020 (Phone: +86 9716230853)
Summary: The doctor said:
- "Qinghai has only had one live organ donation in many years."
- "Kidney donation depends on whether patients agree to donate.”
- People here are conservative, so donations are rare."
- "In the past, many kidneys were obtained from prisoners."
(Recording 204 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf1)
Investigation Subject: Dr. Ding Hongwen, Chief Physician, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital) [386]
Investigation Date: October 11, 2020 (Phone: +86 20-38688303)
Summary:
"If you're lucky, you might get notified within a month if you're a good match. If you're not, it could take a year or more. The quality of the donors now isn't as good, so I'll only do the transplant if the quality is good; if it's bad, I won’t do it. We choose our donors carefully. We don't do a lot of transplants here, but if you want more, you can go to Chong Shan Hospital—they do a lot.
Q: Money is not a problem for us, but can we find good kidney sources? A: Let me tell you, it’s not like the old days when you could always find a match through judicial means. Now, it's much harder to find donations. Are all donations viable? Many cases involve elderly people with cerebral hemorrhages, which are definitely not suitable for transplantation. Most of the young people who donate organs have had sudden brain hemorrhages or been in car accidents, but car accidents are less common now, especially since motorcycles were banned. So, accidents have decreased."
(Recording 205 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf42)
Investigation Subject: Dr. Ouyang, Wuyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangmen City, Guangdong[387]
Investigation Date: June 8, 2021 (Phone: +86 750-3509898)
Summary: Dr. Ouyang mentioned: "In the past, we did kidney transplants in the 1990s and early 2000s, they were performed by our then director, Dong Wenhua. Now he’s retired. We no longer have the qualifications. Large transplant centers, like Chong Shan Hospital, get higher-quality kidney sources from more channels. In the past, it was easy to obtain organs, as they were often from unclaimed bodies or from those who were executed in prison. It was easier to get organs from these cases. A big boss from Guangzhou said: 'In recent years, the quality of kidney sources has been very poor. First, there are no donations; second, there are very few cases where organs are unclaimed; and then, there are the kinds of kidney sources you get after someone is executed in prison...'"
(Recording 206 Download MP3, Full Transcript: pdf76）
3. Organ Transplant Hospitals and Judicial Institutions Trafficking Organs
Many transplant hospitals illegally charge high fees for organs and engage in organ trafficking, while judicial institutions are also involved in this trade.
1.Judicial Institutions Engaging in Organ Trafficking
In 2015, Huang Jiefu stated that voluntary organ donation after a citizen's death had become the only source for organ transplants. In March 2015, a letter reportedly from a prison guard in mainland China went viral on the internet, alleging misconduct. The letter claimed that the deputy warden of the Sihui Prison in Guangdong directed guards to steal prisoners' organs and sell them at high prices. This letter was said to be a whistleblower named Liu Shuo, a guard at Sihui Prison. He claimed that the deputy warden Luo Zubiao colluded with prison guards to torture prisoners and sell their organs. The process of this “industry chain” is as follows: Deputy Warden Luo Zubiao instructs guard Chen Weiquan from the prison hospital to screen medical records of prisoners during their intake exams, selecting targets that are mostly ordinary people and less likely to attract attention if they go missing. Meanwhile, a prisoner who was specially arranged for early release in 2001 is tasked with finding patients in need of transplants in society. Once a match is made, the selected prisoner is placed in a “strict management team” and isolated; the next step is the extraction of organs[388].
2. Many Transplant Hospitals Charge High Fees for Organs and Engage in Organ Trafficking
The "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" clearly state that human organ donation should follow the principles of voluntariness and non-paid. Just as voluntary blood donation differs from paid clinical blood use, organ donation is voluntary and uncompensated. The costs associated with organ procurement should not be considered the “price” of the organ; rather, the organ itself is priceless. However, there are corresponding costs and expenses incurred during the processes of organ assessment, function maintenance, testing, preservation, and transportation. A mechanism has been established for setting fees for organ procurement based on cost compensation, regulating financial management of these fees, which resulted in the "Trial Measures for Fees and Financial Management of Human Donated Organ Procurement" (hereinafter referred to as "Measures")[389].
According to the "Trial Measures for Fees and Financial Management of Human Donated Organ Procurement" released by the National Health Commission and five other departments in June 2021, the standard for fees charged by transplant hospitals is to follow the organ procurement fee standards executed by the Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) in the province where the organ is sourced, without any markup. After charging fees, public hospitals and non-profit medical institutions are required to issue medical billing receipts to patients[390].
In reality, the costs associated with organ assessment, function maintenance, testing, preservation, and transportation are very low. While citizens voluntarily donate organs without compensation. However, investigations by WOIPFG reveal that the fees reported by hospitals or the Red Cross for donor organs are high and constitute a form of trafficking. The principle of "you get what you pay for" applies: higher-quality donor organs command higher prices.
On August 15, 2023, the incident where doctors at Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University (hereinafter referred to as "Xiangya Third Hospital") charged a liver transplant patient's family a "liver source fee" sparked heated discussions online. The involved party, Mr. Jiang, told a reporter from the Beijing News that on the evening of August 13, 2018, the family received a call from a doctor at Xiangya Third Hospital, stating that a suitable liver had been matched for his father, who needed a liver transplant, but they would need to pay a liver source fee of 100,000 yuan. Mr. Jiang claimed that before the surgery, the attending physician informed him that, in addition to the regular medical expenses, they would also need to give the donor's family 100,000 yuan as a "liver source fee" for organ preservation, transportation, and assistance to the family. Mr. Jiang explained that given his father's critical condition, he paid the attending physician Wang and the deputy chief physician Zhao 100,000 yuan in cash without receiving a receipt. Afterward, Mr. Jiang suspected that the hospital's collection of this fee might be illegal and attempted to inquire with the attending physician about the whereabouts of the 100,000 yuan and request a receipt but was refused. In January 2021, Mr. Jiang reached a settlement with Xiangya Third Hospital, which paid him 98,000 yuan in compensation[391].
According to recorded phone investigations by WOIPFG, transplant hospitals are charging exorbitant fees for organs and engaging in organ trafficking.
Yantai City, Shandong Province
Doctor Wang, director and coordinator for kidney transplant operations at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong Province (May 26, 2017) said that to wait for the kidney source and for the operation, “including the physical examination, it will be within half a month, within two weeks. Even for half a month, or even two weeks, the estimates are on the long side. We ask for 400,000 yuan, and (you) give the hospital (another) 100,000 yuan. You need to find the ones (i.e. donors) under 30 years old. You get what you pay for, understand?!”
(Recording 207. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 114) [392]
First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
A kidney transplantation surgeon surnamed Chi (August 25, 2017) stated that the hospital claimed to have only one organ source, which was brain dead people. The cost of a kidney was about 100,000 or 200,000 yuan. “You should give the money directly to the Red Cross Society.
(Recording 208. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 117) [393]
Investigation Subject: The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Kidney Transplant Doctor
Survey Date: 2017-09-22 Phone (+86+ 89866808472)
Doctor: Kidney transplants are routine surgeries for us, and we perform them every month. At least 20 to 30 surgeries are done annually. Last month, we performed two surgeries, and so far this month, we've done one. The surgical fee is 100,000 RMB. The director didn’t inform us about the purchase of this kidney, but the total cost for the kidney itself is also several hundred thousand RMB[394].
(Recording 209 download MP3, complete recording transcript is in pdf 207-1)
Investigation Subject: The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
_ Kidney Transplant _ Nurse[395]
Investigation Date: 2017-09-27 Phone (+86 571 89713611)
Nurse: We perform about 100 kidney transplants annually, and this year we've already done at least 50 to 60 cases. Fees: The surgery costs 200,000 RMB, and the donor kidney costs 100,000 RMB, totaling around 300,000 RMB.
(Recording 210 download MP3, full transcript in Attachment 38)
Investigation Subject: Second Military Medical University Affiliated Changhai Hospital _ Liver Transplant _ Doctor
Investigation Date: 2018-06-01
Doctor: Liver transplants cost 1 million RMB, while kidney transplants cost 500,000 RMB. As for the donor, we will arrange it for you. How can you get a liver for 150,000 RMB? For liver and kidney donors, you can get them in about 10 days; we perform many of them every day.
(Recording 211 play and download MP3, full transcript in pdf 118)[396]
Investigation Subject: Fudan University Affiliated Huashan Hospital _ Liver Transplant _ Doctor
Investigation Date: 2018-06-25
Doctor: We perform many liver transplants. There are no sales of livers, but kidneys are sold.
Investigator: Can you find young, healthy donors?
Doctor: For this, you need to come and discuss it with our transplant team’s professor (Director Wang Zhengxin).
(Recording 212 play and download MP3, full transcript in pdf 119) [397]
Investigation Subject: Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital _ Liver Transplant _ Doctor Yang Han
Investigation Date: 2018-06-02 (+86-371-66279137)
Doctor: The donor fee is about 350,000 RMB, and the surgery costs about 500,000 to 550,000 RMB. The Red Cross calculates the donor fee and informs us of the compensation for the donor's family, and then notifies us of the charge. Type A organs are harder to come by; the wait may be two weeks to a month, though it could happen within a week. National transplant rankings: First is Renji, second is Zhejiang University, third is us, and fourth might be Xiangya. Tianjin's First Center is the largest, but they don't report their data, so we can't know exactly how many transplants they've performed.
(Recording 213 play and download MP3, full transcript in pdf 80-2)[398]
Investigation Subject: Anhui Medical University First Affiliated Hospital _ Kidney Transplant _ Doctor[399]
Investigation Date: 2019-02-22 (+86-551-62922034)
Doctor: A kidney costs over 100,000 RMB. The donor fee is paid to the Red Cross, covering organ preservation and transportation. The organs come from within the Anhui province region.
(Recording 214 download MP3, transcript download pdf 006)
Investigation Subject: Sichuan University West China Hospital _ Kidney Transplant _ Nurse[400]
Investigation Date: 2019-04-14 (+86-28-85422925)
Nurse: An allogenic kidney costs over 100,000 RMB.
(Recording 215 download MP3, transcript download pdf 041)
Investigation Subject: Zhengzhou People's Hospital _ Kidney Transplant _ Nurse[401]
Investigation Date: 2019-04-17 (+86-371-67077512)
Nurse: A single kidney donor costs about 180,000 RMB, and the surgery is estimated to cost around 300,000 RMB.
(Recording 216 download MP3, transcript download pdf 043)
Investigation Subject: Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital _ Liver Transplant _ Doctor Yan[402]
Investigation Date: 2019-07-03 (+86-351-4960139)
Doctor: The donor liver costs over 200,000 RMB; the cost of a dedicated donor liver alone. Other expenses add up to about 500,000 RMB.
(Recording 217 download MP3, transcript download pdf 064)
Investigation Subject: Hunan Yiyang Central Hospital _ Kidney Transplant _ Doctor Zhang[403]
Investigation Date: 2019-09-25 (+86-737-4230527)
Doctor: The cost to obtain a kidney is 200,000 RMB, and hospitalization is 110,000 RMB, all paid to the hospital with invoices. If the patient experiences rejection or infection, the (above) hospitalization fee may not be enough.
(Recording 218 download MP3, transcript download pdf 105)
Investigation Subject: Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital _ Lingnan Hospital _ On-call Doctor[404]
Investigation Date: 2019-10-02 (+86-20-82179622)
Doctor: The cost depends mainly on post-surgery recovery. In the best-case scenario, a transplant costs about 400,000 to 500,000 RMB, with over 200,000 RMB for the liver, and the rest for treatment. Post-surgery complications, such as infection, may increase costs. ICU stays cost 10,000 RMB per day. After discharge, follow-ups begin weekly and eventually monthly. Transplants require lifelong medication. How can we predict costs?
(Recording 219 download MP3, transcript download pdf 112)
Investigation Subject: Guangxi PLA 303 Hospital _ Organ Transplant _ Kidney Ward _ Dr. Li[405]
Investigation Date: 2019-10-09 (+49-771-2870303)
Dr. Li: The kidney costs 120,000 RMB. The total cost is around 300,000 RMB.
(Recording 220 download MP3, transcript download pdf 123)
Investigation Subject: Xinjiang Autonomous Region People's Hospital _ Liver and Gallbladder Surgery _ Organ Coordinator Contact Ning Na[406]
Investigation Date: 2019-10-09 (+86 18999941314)
Ning Na:
Question: Can we negotiate waiting time and liver quality? My family owns business, and cost is not an issue.
Answer: I understand your point! If a suitable liver is available, your case will be prioritized.
Question: Is this a possibility?
Answer: Wait a moment, I will call our hospital to check.
Question: Can I call you back in 10 minutes?
Answer: Sure, that’s fine.
(Recording 221 download MP3, transcript download pdf 121)
Investigation Subject: Hainan Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital _ Transplant Department _ Dr. Liu
Investigation Date: 2019-10-17 (+86 0898-66809122)
Dr. Liu: We currently only perform local liver transplants. The kidney transplant costs 500,000 RMB, and liver transplants require about 1 million RMB. If infection occurs, the cost will definitely increase. For more detailed information, it's better to come in person, as many details are hard to explain over the phone. [407]
(Recording 222 download MP3, transcript download pdf 129)
Investigation Subject: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Affiliated Tongji Hospital _ Liver Transplant _ Director Wei Lai[408]
Investigation Date: 2019-12-25 (+86-27-83665383)
Prof. Wei Lai: 600,000 RMB is the starting point; you need at least 600,000 RMB to proceed, but that doesn't mean it's enough. The cost is not capped, and 600,000 RMB is the starting point! For all questions, please come in person to discuss. I cannot give my phone number! Please visit us at the 23rd building of the surgical department.
(Recording 223 download MP3, transcript download pdf 193)
Investigation Subject: Dr. Li Guowei, Kidney Transplant Specialist, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University[409]
Investigation Date: December 26, 2019 (+86-15929931212)
Summary:
Q: If recovery is good; kidney transplant costs five to six hundred thousand?
A: The kidney source in Shaanxi is the cheapest. It should cost around 100,000 yuan. The Tianjin Transplant Center has already been asked, and just for a kidney source, the cost is about 350,000 yuan. Because we don’t know the donor’s condition at the moment, you’ll have to pay the hospital in cash. We don’t know how much the kidney currently costs—whether it's 100,000 yuan or a few tens of thousands. We don't know how much the hospital charges in cash for a kidney.
(Recording 224 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf 196)
Investigation Subject: Nurse and Doctor at Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital Kidney Transplant Department[410]
Investigation Date: December 27, 2019 (+86-25-68303180)
Summary:
This transplant isn’t a life-saving surgery. If you only have 600,000 yuan, we wouldn’t recommend doing it unless you have that amount as spare money. We can perform the surgery if you have that amount, but if it's all the money you have, we generally wouldn’t suggest proceeding, because it's an operation aimed at improving your quality of life. If you're sacrificing everything for this, it may not be worth it.
Q: If I prepare 600,000 yuan, is there a possibility of unexpected situations where more money is needed?
A: Definitely! If an infection occurs, it's possible the costs could go up to 1 million yuan if infections occur.
(Recording 225 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf 197)
Investigation Subject: Wu Defang, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University[411]
Investigation Date: April 27, 2020 (+86-13734601766)
Summary:
- Currently, we are only doing donations, not transplants. We can only donate; we cannot perform transplants.
- The department head, Fan Haining, is performing surgeries, but the types of surgeries differ.
- For organ donation due to an emergency, if someone unexpectedly faces a sudden situation and the family agrees, we will carry out organ donation.
- As for who will receive the organs, it’s impossible to say. It’s handled by a nationwide system, a computer-based allocation system. We don’t know who will receive the organs.
- I haven’t directly participated in this process, and we haven’t done liver transplants here.
- I’ve heard that a liver source costs around 300,000 to 400,000 yuan. Once all costs are included, it’s probably about 700,000 to 800,000 yuan.
- Lu Qian from Tsinghua Changgeng Hospital, Wang Wentao from West China Hospital, and others are in contact with us.
(Recording 226 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf059)
Chapter 12: Living Donor Organ Bank
Emergency transplants, extremely short waiting times, and an ample supply of donors still exist. The supply of donors is so abundant that in 2017, free transplant promotions re-emerged.
In the United States, over 170 million people aged 18 and older are registered to donate organs[412], supported by a developed national organ allocation network. According to a 2007 report by the U.S. Department of Health, the average waiting time for organ transplants in the U.S. is as follows: 2 years for liver transplants and 3 years for kidney transplants[413]. In contrast, while developed countries may require years to wait for organ transplants, hospitals in mainland China guarantee that surgeries can be performed within weeks, or even days. This has continued to be the case even after the cessation of using organs from executed prisoners in 2015, and the waiting times have become increasingly shorter, which is an extremely abnormal phenomenon.
1. Widespread Emergency Transplants
Emergency liver transplants are typically performed for patients with acute severe liver disease who are expected to survive no more than 72 hours. Due to the difficulties in emergency matching and the long waiting times for donors, emergency liver transplants are rare in foreign countries. However, in China, emergency liver transplants have been widely implemented in recent years.
The first lung transplant at Wuxi People's Hospital was performed in 2002. By October 13, 2022, under the leadership of Chen Jingyu, the lung transplant center had completed over 1,500 lung transplants[414]. On April 17, 2021, Chen Jingyu performed an emergency double lung transplant in Kunming[415].
On November 13, 2022, Chen Jingyu, the vice president of the hospital, posted on his Weibo, stating, “Organ transplantation generally relies on emergency surgeries. [416]”
According to a report by the Yangtze Evening Newspaper, Zheng Mingfeng, the director of the thoracic surgery department at the hospital, informed reporters that Ward X6 is a hub for lung transplant surgeries, performing over 100 lung transplants each year, often completing routine chest surgeries during the day and performing emergency lung transplants at night[417].
The official website of the hospital reported that in April 2020, Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital completed three emergency lung transplant surgeries within 24 hours[418].
In December 2022, the liver transplant team at the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University performed four liver transplant surgeries over four consecutive days, most of which were emergency transplants[419]. Qiu Wei, the director of the liver transplant center, stated: “With a suitable donor available, if we do not perform the liver transplant surgery in a timely manner, many patients with end-stage liver disease could face life-threatening situations within days or a week. All four liver transplants were for patients with acute on chronic or acute liver failure.”
According to a report from Sina.com, in January 2022, Xiamen University Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital (Xiamen Heart Center) performed emergency heart transplant surgeries for two 57-year-old patients in critical condition. On January 23, Mr. Wu and his family decided to proceed with the transplant surgery, and the Xiamen Heart Center team immediately entered the patient's preoperative information into the Chinese Organ Transplant Response System, while also activating the emergency status for heart transplantation to prioritize obtaining a donor heart nationwide. Around 5 a.m. on January 24, Wu Xijie and the cardiac surgery team drove to an hospital outside the island to retrieve the heart[420].
Table 7: Statistics of Emergency Transplant Cases
|
Investigation Date |
Investigation Subject |
Hospital |
Province / Municipality |
Emergency Organ Transplant |
|
March 1, 2016 |
Liver Transplantation Doctor Lang Ren |
Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital |
Beijing City |
“If it is critical, we would have a green channel (for organs)”.[421]
|
|
July 25, 2016 |
Liang Jianzhong |
Liver Transplant Department at Zhejiang University International Hospital |
Zhejiang Province |
“If it’s really urgent, we can certainly do the surgery immediately.”[422] |
|
October 7, 2017 |
Jiao Xingyuan, director of Ward Three |
the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University |
Guangdong Province |
“We estimate that it takes 10 days to half a month to find the liver.” “(We’ve done emergency liver transplantation before, so) I know that we are able to do it.” [423] |
|
October 30, 2017 |
Doctor at Organ Transplantation Ward |
Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University |
Hubei Province |
“We often perform emergency transplant surgeries.”[424] |
|
November 4, 2017 |
Liver Transplantation |
Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command |
Fujian Province |
“Before year 2015, there used to be that (kind of organs for emergency liver transplants).” “There was one person, who waited seven times, and the seventh time was successful.” That is, the first several livers were not used after being excised.[425] |
|
November 7, 2017 |
Liver Transplantation Doctor |
General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of the PLA |
Guangdong Province |
The hospital is qualified to perform emergency liver transplantation. Doctor: “Get registered, and then donate some blood.” “Without blood, you can’t do liver transplantation.” “Your family member should come, prepare the money, as well as the people, who donate blood.” “In fact, the speed depends on your side, depends on the speed of your preparation, not us.”[426] |
|
November 7, 2017 |
A doctor from the Organ Transplantation Section of the Department of General Surgery |
the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University |
Hunan Province |
Every year, there are a lot of patients doing emergency liver transplants at this hospital. “Most of our (organ transplant) patients kind of fall into this category (of emergency liver transplant patients).[427] |
|
December 15, 2017 |
Doctor Yang at the Doctors’ Office of Organ Transplantation Department |
Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital |
Sichuan Province |
“The liver transplants that we do usually are emergency operations. When we do a liver transplant, we will notify the recipients immediately.”[428] |
2. Organs Can Be Selected from Young and Healthy Donors
1. Investigation Recording: Doctor Chen Yongfeng, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Henan Province
Date: June 26, 2015
“If you prepare to do liver transplantation, you prepare early, and the time will be enough. We can select a healthier and a little younger liver for you.” “Now we still have room to select (organs), but I guess later on, if you want to wait, you will lose the opportunity.”
(Recording 235. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 45) [429]
2. Investigation Recording: Director Wang, Coordinator for kidney transplant operations, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong Province
Date: May 26, 2017
It is guaranteed to operate on the patient within two weeks; the kidney donor is guaranteed to be under 30 years old; “you get what you pay for”; the cost is about 500,000 yuan, from which the hospital gets 100,000 yuan, and “we get 400,000 yuan”.[430]
(Recording 236. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 46)
3. Investigation Recording: Doctor-on-duty of the Liver Transplant Department, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai City
Date: June 25, 2018
“Regarding the specifics (about finding healthy and young donors), you need to come over, and then have a face-to-face talk with the professor (Wang Zhengxin) of our transplantation group.”[431]
(Recording 237. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 47)
4. Investigation Recording: Doctor-on-duty at the Liver Transplant Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province
Date: June 25, 2018
Investigator: “I would like to ask if you can supply him a relatively young donor.” Doctor: “Generally speaking, we have (donors) aged around 40 or 50. They are mainly young people.”[432]
(Recording 238. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 48)
According to the 2023 investigation report by WOIPFG[433]:
Wang Xin, Director of the Liver Transplant Department at Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital:
"We currently have several organ donors available. Right now, I have a few with blood type 'O' and some with blood type 'A', but at the moment, we don’t have any with blood type 'B' or 'AB'."
(Recording 239 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf21)
Dr. Fu, Liver Transplant Office at Guiyang Medical University Affiliated Hospital:
"The organs range in age from teenagers to people in their forties or fifties. You can choose the organs based on your preference."
(Recording 240 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf17)
III. Extremely Short Organ Wait Times
From 2015 to 2018, 84 Chinese hospitals mentioned that their patients’ donor organ wait times, during the investigative phone conversations, were one to two weeks on average. In some cases with the shortest wait times, patients were able to have the surgeries upon their arrival at the hospitals. Many hospitals said that they were conducting organ transplant surgeries every day, and that they were carried out routinely. Also, the “green channels” for emergency transplants were revealed to still be in existence.
Among these cases investigated between October 19 and December 2, 2018, 17 presidents and directors of all the organ transplant hospitals under investigation (12 hospitals in 11 provinces) promised the caller that they would arrange a surgery within one or two weeks. Hang Hualian, the director of the Liver Transplant Center at Shanghai Renji Hospital, told the caller to come and see him on the next day, and that he would try to help the caller arrange a surgery within a week. Liu Dongfu, Director of Kidney Transplantation at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, said, “We may have it (kidney source) as fast as tomorrow.”[434]
According to the “Review of WOIPFG Investigation into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Year 2019”, the investigations conducted by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) in 2019 focused on 178 Class AAA hospitals qualified for transplantation. Investigations were particularly concentrated on major "organ harvesting" institutions and individuals with multiple suspicions. Regarding waiting times for transplant surgeries, the typical responses from surveyed directors, doctors, and nurses were: “If you're lucky, you might get it done in one or two days or weeks; if you're not, it could take several months.” [435]
As reported in the “Review of WOIPFG Investigation into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For 2020 Mid-Year” from January 1, 2020, to July 16, 2020, among hundreds of telephone inquiries, 100 recordings were selected indicating short waiting times for transplant surgeries. Some surveyed directors, doctors, and nurses stated that surgeries could be performed within one or two weeks. [436]
The “Review of WOIPFG Investigation into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners 2020-2022” noted that from July 1, 2020, to April 30, 2022, hundreds of telephone inquiries were made, resulting in 100 recordings that showed short waiting times for organ transplants. [437]
In the “Review of WOIPFG Investigation into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners 2023,” following the lifting of lockdowns in 2023, WOIPFG conducted a new round of telephone investigations from February 2 to March 21, 2023, targeting transplant experts, directors, and lead surgeons at several hospitals suspected of harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners. Among these, 36 recorded calls indicated that waiting times for organ transplants were short, with the fastest availability potentially being within 1 to 2 days or 3 to 5 days[438].
Examples of Official Reports on Finding Liver Sources on the Same Day and Short Waiting Times
1) On April 24, 2016, a doctor at Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital stated, “His father is in severe liver failure and must be hospitalized immediately; otherwise, he is in life-threatening danger. There’s no need to go home and pack, he needs to be admitted right away.” After being hospitalized for four days, they managed to get help through connections, and on April 28, he was successfully transferred to Huashan Hospital. Fortunately, on the day of admission, the doctor spoke with them and mentioned that there was a suitable liver source available for his father[439].
In June 2015, the Chengdu Shangbao reported that a patient found liver source three times within sixty days[440].
2）In June 2015, Ye Qifa performed a liver transplant on a patient. Shortly afterward, a liver from a deceased organ donor matched with Chen Jun, and the transplant surgery was successfully conducted a week later[441].
3）The Hepatobiliary Hospital of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital initiated an emergency deployment for liver transplants, finding a suitable liver source within four hours. On February 23, 2018, Professor Wu Jinshu, the hospital director and chief expert, along with the transplant center director, completed a liver transplant surgery in just over five hours[442].
4）South Korean Journalists’ Field Investigation: In 2017, a South Korean journalist conducted a field investigation in China and found that the waiting time for organ transplants at Tianjin First Central Hospital was only a few days or several weeks[443].
5）On May 6, 2022, Mu Jiangang, a teacher at Lanzhou University, was transferred to Wuhan Xiehe Hospital. At the same time, he was placed on the waiting list for a heart transplant. Four days later, he received a suitable donor heart and successfully completed the heart transplant surgery[444].
6）In March 2019, patient Ouyang underwent two days of artificial liver treatment at Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital and found a matching liver source. The surgery was performed by Zheng Shusen[445].
7）On June 22, 2018, the Chinese National Health Commission declared at a special press conference, “The average waiting time for liver transplants has significantly decreased, with the current average waiting time being 27.5 days. [446]”
In the investigation by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG), it was found that organ donors in transplant hospitals across the country are generally abundant. Many hospitals have excess organs, leading to situations where organs are found for patients. This is particularly prominent in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Henan, Hunan, and Hubei.
Case Example: A patient received 4 matching donor hearts in 13 days.
On June 12, 2020, 24-year-old female patient Sun Lingling was admitted to Wuhan Xiehe Hospital (the same hospital as the previously mentioned patient). Within 13 days, the hospital found 4 suitable donor hearts for her to choose from. [447]
The first heart arrived at the hospital on June 16, but the surgeon deemed the condition of the coronary arteries unsatisfactory, so it was abandoned.
The second heart was ready on June 19, but due to Sun Lingling having a fever, her condition was not suitable for heart transplant surgery, and it was also abandoned.
On June 25, two matching hearts became available simultaneously. At this point, Sun Lingling's condition had significantly improved. The surgeon ultimately chose the heart of a 33-year-old male donor from hundreds of kilometers away. The other candidate heart belonged to a local woman, but the doctor worried it might not be strong enough and thus rejected it.
Sample Investigative Phone Calls:
1. Ran Jianghua, associate dean of the First Hospital of Kunming (February 27, 2016): “After our own patients (of Blood Type B) ran out, we also transferred a patient from Zhejiang, from Hangzhou to do the transplant.” “Last year, we got 80 cases of excised organs.”
However, according to Yunnan Information Journal,there were only 48 cases of organ donation in Yunnan Province throughout 2015. Since this figure was smaller than the quantity of organ transplants, it is evident that the organs came from other sources.[448]
(Recording 241. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 49)
2. Xie Qinfen, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital’s organ procurement coordinator for liver transplantation, said on February 28, 2017, “We have done a lot (of liver transplants), and we do a good job. The quality of liver sources at our hospital is relatively good, too. Generally speaking, it may take about two weeks (to get the liver). Sometimes it’s very fast. Sometimes people can even do it on the second day. It depends on your situation. Critically ill patients can take the priority. We did over 120 cases last year (first year of the hospital). We would usually receive information on donor livers on the second day, (after we make an inquiry). Liver procurement mainly depends on President Zheng Shusen’s connections.”[449]
(Recording 242. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 50)
3. Doctor Liu of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (April 5, 2016): “Our liver sources are sent outside, via the state’s network, to be coordinated to send to other organ transplant centers.”[450]
(Recording 243. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 51)
4. Doctor Yang Zhijian of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at the Chinese People’s Liberation Army No. 181 Hospital in Guilin, Guangxi Province (September 1, 2016): “We have many liver donors here. We did around 30 kidney transplantation operations in July and 15 liver transplants, because we didn’t have that many patients. We sent the excessive livers elsewhere.” “If there are 30 kidneys, there would be at least 15 livers.” “We’ve done100 kidney transplantation so far this year, should be 180 cases a year. We would have excised 90 livers, half (of the 180 cases).” “But we only have done dozens of liver transplants due to the lack of patients.” [451]
(Recording 244. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 52)
5. Su Yu, urologist at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College (August 2, 2017): “We have the most extensive kidney sources!” “(Body donations) have exceeded 300 at present. They exceeded 300 (cases) in July.” The largest feature of this hospital is the organs from brain-dead patients. “Regarding this kind of things (i.e. where the dead bodies are from), I, I don’t dare to talk about it.”[452]
(Recording 245. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 53)
6. A nurse from the doctors’ office of the Kidney Transplantation Department at the PLA No.153 Central Hospital in Henan Province (October 14, 2017): Our hospital is a reserved military organ transplant hospital in the Henan region. The hospital can do more than 100 cases a year with no problem. “We basically do two or three cases every month, three or four cases.” “We would offer (the organs) to other hospitals, because we are doing too many.”[453]
(Recording 246. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 54)
7. A nurse of the Kidney urology Department at the Linyi City People Hospital, Shandong Province (September 12, 2017): “We do a lot (of kidney transplants) every year, sometimes exceeding 100 cases. Sometimes when the floodgate is open, wow, 4, 5 or 6 in a group, or pairs after pairs. They just show up like that.”[454]
(Recording 247. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 55)
In the two years around 2020, two local hospitals in Xinjiang rapidly developed their organ transplant programs, even exceeding their qualified transplant capacities. Those answering the phone would often say, "The hospital director and chief surgeons are performing surgeries." The waiting time was also short, typically 1 to 2 weeks. This year, the transplant wards are overcrowded, and there are no longer complaints about a lack of donors. Nurses at the two hospitals casually mentioned, "We have organs in stock" or "There are organs available at home." Does this imply that there is a nearby living organ bank available for immediate transplants?
According to an investigation made on March 27, 2019, Nurse of Liver Transplant Inpatient Service, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University said: There is always a shortage of beds for transplant patients in our division. You can have the surgery in a couple of weeks if lucky. Here is Dr. Jiang Tieming’s team has done quite a lot (of surgeries).
(Recording 248. Download: MP3; Translation Download: pdf 034)
The investigation conducted on November 27, 2019, shows that Chen Xiong, Director of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, performs liver transplants. A nurse told the family members of a patient who wanted a liver transplant:
"Once you arrive, the director will make arrangements for you."
(Recording 249 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf 160)
During the investigation on April 19, 2020, at the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, when the family members of a patient asked to speed up the process, a nurse said:
"This depends on the situation. If you're lucky, and we have a match available in our bank, we can directly match it for you, and then the surgery can be done right away!" The investigator followed up with: "What do you mean by 'bank'? Do you mean one with ready-to-use organs?"
The nurse replied: "Yes."
(Recording 250 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf043)
On June 16, 2020, a nurses in the Liver Transplantation Nurses Station of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University said to the investigator, "Because the beds are very tight right now, if you come over now, you definitely won’t get a bed." The investigator then asked whether the surgery could be done within two weeks or a month. The nurse replied:
"So, like I said, you really need to get in touch with the doctor. We have them at our home (clearly referring to their own hospital). If everything goes smoothly, you could have the surgery done in one or two weeks!"
The nurse then proactively gave the contact number for Dr. He.
(Recording 251 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf091)
Multiple Transplants
In July 2011, Hunan Province performed its first fourth-time kidney transplant surgery at Xiangya Third Hospital[455].
On January 20, 2022, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital completed three lung transplants in one day. Among the patients, one was a repeat lung transplant recipient, and another was undergoing their third lung transplant[456].
Five, Multiple Major Organ Transplants on the Same Day
Examples of multiple major organ transplants performed on the same day are as follows:
- Three Pediatric Heart Transplants on the Same Day
On November 11, 2022, the Wuhan municipal government issued a press release stating that Wuhan Xiehe Hospital completed three pediatric heart transplant surgeries on the same day, a world first. The report indicated that three children from different provinces suffering from heart diseases "coincidentally" chose to come to Wuhan Xiehe Hospital. The children were aged 12, 11, and 4. The hospital completed all three heart transplants in just 7 hours. Reports stated that the donor hearts came from three different provinces in China and arrived in Wuhan on the same day, November 7. This implies that three children likely died almost simultaneously, coinciding with the successful matching of donor hearts[457].
Multiple Adult Major Organ Transplants on the Same Day
In 2016, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine completed five major organ transplant surgeries within 6 hours. In 2017, the hospital performed 14 major organ transplants in less than 48 hours, including one heart transplant, one lung transplant, four liver transplants, and eight kidney transplants[458].
According to a report from Henan Daily in 2019: from March 26 to 27, Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital's He Hospital completed a total of 13 organ transplant surgeries, including 8 kidney transplants, 3 liver transplants, and 2 lung transplants[459].
On March 7, 2019, the Kidney Transplant Department of Xi'an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital completed 10 kidney transplant surgeries in a single day[460].
On July 23, 2020, the transplant team at Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University performed 2 liver transplants and 4 kidney transplants in one day[461].
On August 6, 2020, from 10 AM to midnight, Professor Dong Nianguo, Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Xiehe Hospital, along with professor Xia Jiahong, led over 200 medical staff and completed 4 heart transplants within 14 hours on the same day[462].
According to reports from mainland media, Chen Jingyu, who simultaneously served as the director of the lung transplant departments at Wuxi People's Hospital and Japan-China Friendship Hospital, completed two complex lung transplant surgeries in one day on April 15, 2021. Two days prior, on April 14, Chen had completed 4 lung transplants within 24 hours—3 at Wuxi People's Hospital and then rushed to Hefei to perform one more. After completing the two surgeries at Japan-China Hospital on the 15th, he rushed to Kunming on the 17th to perform an emergency double lung transplant. On the 19th, Chen appeared again at Japan-China Hospital to complete another transplant surgery[463]. In 2020, “On the busiest day, he performed 5 double lung transplants within 20 hours. [464]”
In 2022, the lung transplant team at Wuxi People's Hospital was able to simultaneously perform 4 lung transplant surgeries and had completed 6 lung transplants within 24 hours[465].
From February 3, the third day of lunar new year, to the early hours of February 4, 2022, the lung transplant teams from Wuxi and Zhejiang Second Hospital, led by Chen Jingyu, completed a total of 4 lung transplants[466].
From a medical perspective, it is fundamentally impossible to find so many donors with compatible tissue types on the same day. The only possibility is the existence of a large living organ donor bank, with pre-screened blood types and compatible HLA (human leukocyte antigen).
Excess Supply of Organ Donors; Free Liver Transplant Promotion Reappeared in China
From June 1 to June 30, 2017, Jilin Provincial Travel Radio and the Hepatic Transplantation Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University jointly launched a program of free liver transplantation for 10 children.[467]
On June 13, 2017, a WOIPFG investigator called the registration office of the “Precious Kids” program of free liver transplantation launched by Jilin Provincial Travel Radio. The phone investigations with Hua Shucheng, the director of the First Hospital of Jilin University, confirmed that the liver sources were sufficient and could be transplanted at any time.
(Recording 252. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 56)
(Recording 253. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 57)
On June 14, 2017, Zhang Haiyu, director of pediatric surgery of the First Hospital of Jilin University said, “The first ten surgeries are free ... our hospital has plenty of donor sources.”
(Recording 254. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 58-1)
On the same day, a WOIPFG investigator called the registration office of the “Precious Kids” program again, and the enrollment clerk mentioned that the origins of the livers were kept confidential. He said, “Even if you offered to pay 2 million yuan and came to the hospital right now, you wouldn’t be able to know the source of your (transplant) liver, because this has to be kept confidential.”
(Recording 255. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 58-2)
On June 15, 2017, a WOIPFG investigator conducted an investigation on Mr. Liu from the Organ Donation Office of the Red Cross Society of China, Jilin Branch. The investigator mentioned the “Precious Kids” program. Mr. Liu said that the liver donor sources were not provided by the Red Cross Society.[468]
(Recording 256. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 59)
From August 2019 to June 2022, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine performed free liver transplant surgeries for over 460 children within three years[469].
VII. National Organ Reserve Center
On June 12, 2020, a military doctor from the 989 Hospital (formerly Hospital 150) of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force stationed in Luoyang, Henan, told investigators: “Our donor sources have long been from the local area, such as death row inmates and robbers. Then there are sources from the national organ reserve center, like executed prisoners, robbers, etc. … Additionally, the state has reserves, and there are other donations, and the state has a reserve plan for these.”
He indicated that, at that time, the sources of transplant organs at Hospital 150 included not only local judicial organs but also those from the national organ reserve, “as well as sources from the national organ reserve center … where the state has a reserve plan.”
How are large organs like livers and kidneys reserved? Is it possible only if there is a living human organ bank? And where do the organs stored by the so-called "National Organ Reserve Center," which differ from those of criminal offenders, come from? Clearly, the Falun Gong group, which Jiang Zemin sought to eliminate physically, is most likely to become the source of this types of state reserve organs[470].
Investigation Subject: 989 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force stationed in Luoyang (formerly Hospital 150)
Investigation Date: June 12, 2020 (+86-37964169114)
Summary of Content:
- Question: How many surgeries were you doing a year at that time? A thousand or eight hundred?
Answer: Well, I heard it was quite a lot; we were doing liver and kidney transplants. Now we don't do them anymore. - Our donor sources were from the local area, like death row inmates and robbers. Then there are sources from the national organ reserve center. … Additionally, the state has reserves and other donations; the state has a reserve plan for these.
- Question: I also want organs from Falun Gong practitioners?
Answer: Well, first you need to, it’s not just that one source, you need to match the type. Only after that can you consider whether they’re willing to donate. If they’re willing, that’s great; if not, we can ... - You can ask the local judicial department to get in touch, and if it’s allowed, of course, organ trafficking is not permitted, but you could offer some compensation, right?
- Yes, that’s right. Contact the (judicial?) department and see how they can resolve this issue. If it’s possible, first do a blood test for matching; if it works out, then negotiate with the hospital or the judicial department, and you can provide them with some compensation.
(Recording 257 download: MP3, Transcript download: pdf088)
Chapter 13: The Systematic Process of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
The ongoing investigations by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong over the past decade have confirmed a shocking fact: not only does the crime of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners exist in China, but it is also a state-led genocidal campaign directed by former Communist Party leader Jiang Zemin[471], with a systematic process in place for harvesting the organs of Falun Gong practitioners.
1. The Organ Bank of Living Donors from Falun Gong Practitioners
After Jiang Zemin began the persecution of Falun Gong in 1999, tens of millions of practitioners were illegally arrested for peacefully petitioning or spreading the truth, with many going missing.
According to an internal investigation by the Chinese Communist Party's Public Security Bureau, the number of people practicing Falun Gong reached between 70 million and 100 million from May 1992 to July 1999[472].
This number exceeded that of Communist Party members, which filled former Party leader Jiang Zemin with jealousy and fear. On July 20, 1999, he initiated a nationwide persecution of Falun Gong practitioners who cultivate "Truth, Compassion, Forbearance." Many practitioners traveled to Beijing to petition and clarify the truth or displayed banners in Tiananmen Square to inform the government and the public about the realities of Falun Dafa, hoping to end the persecution and regain the right to practice freely. The Communist Party responded with violent abductions, illegal detentions, and forcible returns of the peaceful petitioners, with daily numbers reaching from hundreds of thousands to over a million.
As of April 2001, according to the Beijing Public Security Bureau’s internal information, the number of Falun Gong practitioners arrested when petitioning in Beijing and whose names were registered by the police, had reached 830,000. This excludes the practitioners, who did not give their names[473]. The CCP’s internal source indicates that the period from early 2000 to late 2001 marks a peak period of Falun Gong practitioners petitioning in Beijing. By calculating the additional consumption of steamed buns in Beijing, the Beijing Public Security Bureau estimated that during the peak time, on a single day, there could be more than one million practitioners petitioning in Beijing[474].
According to sources in China, during that period of time, the CCP had 670 prisons and 300 labor camps known to the public, with a total detention capacity of approximately 1.8 million people. After large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners were thrown into these facilities, they became seriously overcrowded. Therefore, by utilizing military facilities and bunkers all over the country, the CCP built secret concentration camps, where practitioners endured more covert and cruel persecution[475]. Countless Falun Gong practitioners have since disappeared, and the CCP established the conditions necessary to create an organ donor pool and carry out large-scale organ harvesting.
The orders for removing organs from living practitioners came directly from the Chair of the Military Commission. The General Logistics Department ordered blood tests on practitioners, then arrested them all over the country and processed them. Practitioners were arrested and administered through an organized, systematic process by the Logistics Department. Utilizing military transportation, personnel and forced labor camps built on military facilities, the Logistics Department (LD) became the state live-organ bank. The LD decides which camps the practitioners are taken to, how practitioners are dispatched, transportation, shift procedures, guards, and the budgets. If an organ transplant procedure fails, the organ receivers' information and bodies are scheduled for destruction within 72 hours. [476]
After the exposure of the Sujiatun concentration camp, where Falun Gong practitioners were imprisoned and their organs harvested in 2006, a retired military doctor from the Shenyang Military Region wrote to The Epoch Times revealing that "the hospitals in the Sujiatun area are merely part of 36 similar concentration camps nationwide. However, most Falun Gong practitioners are still primarily held in prisons, labor camps, and detention centers, with large-scale mobilizations occurring only when necessary. The largest areas for detaining Falun Gong practitioners in the country are mainly in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. In the Jiutai area of Jilin, the fifth largest concentration site for Falun Gong practitioners in China has over 14,000 people detained... In the materials I’ve encountered, the largest detention site for Falun Gong in China is in Jilin, code-named 672-S, with over 120,000 detainees." The concentration camps are largely controlled by the military, with the General Political Department of the Communist Party's military, the entire military's "610" office, and the General Logistics Department playing significant roles[477].
2. Blood Tests and Health Examinations of Falun Gong Practitioners to Establish an Organ Matching Database
1.Blood Draws from Illegally Detained Falun Gong Practitioners
According to Minghui.org, Falun Gong practitioners detained in labor camps, prisons, and other facilities were routinely subjected to health examinations and blood draws (while other detainees did not receive such exams). Blood tests are a crucial step for organ matching[478].
According to NTD TV, in 2012, a Falun Gong practitioner, who had just risked life and fled China to the U.S., confirmed the bizarre blood draws occurring at Masanjia Labor Camp. Three hundred Falun Gong practitioners there underwent blood tests[479].
A November 2022 report by The Epoch Times featured Shining, a female former computer engineer from the Shengli Oilfield in Shandong Province, who was imprisoned from 2007 to the end of 2010 for practicing Falun Gong. She observed a strange phenomenon: ordinary inmates and Falun Gong practitioners were separated for health examinations, with regular inmates only examined once a year, while Falun Gong practitioners underwent more frequent exams. From July 2001 to April 2002, during her detention at the Shandong First Women’s Labor Camp, she was individually tested for blood at least once a month, totaling at least 11 separate blood draws. She was never given the test results. She stated, "I intermittently went on hunger strikes for two years in the Shandong Women’s Prison. During those two years, they drew blood from me and sent it to Shandong Ankang Hospital. There was a small clinic within the prison grounds. I was often drawn blood, tested, or given EKGs, and injected with unknown medications. Each time I asked them, they wouldn’t provide an answer. [480]"
2. Falun Gong Practitioners Being Forced to Undergo Blood Tests from Home
Starting in April 2014[481], police from Public Security Bureaus and local police stations in Guizhou, Liaoning, Hunan, Hubei provinces, and Beijing began forcibly entering the homes of Falun Gong practitioners to compel them to undergo blood tests. In some cases, when practitioners could not be found, family members were coerced into providing blood samples. Some practitioners, even those over eighty years old, were forced to have their blood drawn. The incidents were particularly prevalent in Guizhou and Liaoning, with police claiming these actions were orders from higher authorities[482]. In the Dandong area of Liaoning in the recent month, for example, sixteen Falun Gong practitioners were forced to have blood sampling and fingerprinting by local police[483].
According to Minghui.org, in June 2016, at least thirty Falun Gong practitioners in Nanjing were abducted by personnel from the "610" office, which specifically targets Falun Gong, along with police, and taken to local police stations for forced blood draws, fingerprinting, and footprinting. Some police even went to practitioners' homes to draw blood, threatening to search their homes if they did not comply. Nanjing police openly stated that the national Public Security system was implementing standardized management to establish a database of Falun Gong practitioners, requiring the blood type, DNA, fingerprints, and footprints of each practitioner to be recorded[484].
According to Minghui.org, from the end of October 2019 to the end of July 2020, the Gaomi Political and Legal Affairs Committee assigned local police stations, neighborhood communities, and village committees to carry out abductions, home searches, and illegal forced blood draws and fingerprint collections from over 80 Falun Gong practitioners and their non-practicing family members and employees.
On July 15, 2020, at the Changhai Road Police Station in Yangpu District, Shanghai, Falun Gong practitioner Cong Peixi was forcibly restrained by multiple police officers who twisted his arms, bent his fingers, choked him, covered his mouth, pinched his ears, hit his shoulder blades, pulled his hair, and pressed his legs, while forcibly drawing blood, taking fingerprints, and photographing him. Minghui.org reported that those present at the blood-drawing site included Ren Rinen, the deputy head of the "610" office in Yangpu District, a plainclothes person drawing blood, another plainclothes officer collecting fingerprints on a computer, and police officers Ding Jianmin, Li Jie, and Zhou Qunmin from the Changhai Road Police Station. Another Falun Gong practitioner, Wu Koudi, was also subjected to blood draws that day[485].
On July 22, 2020, the "610" office of the Gaomi City Political and Legal Affairs Committee and the Gaomi City Public Security Bureau kidnapped 46 Falun Gong practitioners. This operation involved over 400 police officers from the Gaomi City Public Security Bureau, organized into 46 groups. All kidnapped practitioners were forcibly subjected to blood draws[486]. On July 27, 2020, police from the Liaohe Oilfield Police Station in Liaoning Province abducted six Falun Gong practitioners, including Xing Guangli, Du Jingxian, Fu Xianying, and Wang Yingxian. At least five of them were subjected to forced blood draws. On July 28, Falun Gong practitioners Du Guolin and Yan Shufang from Dongchang District, Tonghua City, and Li Junlan and Xing Deqin from Liuhe County were kidnapped by the National Security police. On July 29, all four practitioners were subjected to forced blood draws. Yan Shufang was released on July 30 due to high blood pressure, while the other three were illegally detained.
On July 29, 2020, Falun Gong practitioner Wu Gaoming from Jining City in Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, was forcibly kidnapped by two officers from the National Security Brigade of the Jining City Police Bureau from his home and taken to the Qiaoxi Police Station. During this time, he was forced to provide personal information, including blood draws, fingerprints, palm prints, audio recordings, photographs, iris measurements, and height measurements.
On July 30, 2020, Falun Gong practitioners Ma Jun (72 years old) and Yang Xiuying (80 years old) from Lanzhou, Gansu Province, were kidnapped by police and subjected to forced blood draws. After returning home, they were often followed whenever they went outside. Yang Xiuying also received threatening phone calls stating that if she continued to go out, she would be sent to a brainwashing center[487].
In August 2020, Falun Gong practitioner Lei Zhongfu from the Fatou area in Chaoyang District, Beijing, was abducted to a police station, where he was subjected to forced blood draws, fingerprinting, audio recordings, and photographs.
On August 1, 2020, Guo Qiang, the deputy head of the National Security Brigade in Juxian County, Shandong, and over ten police officers illegally forced into the home of Falun Gong practitioner Ms. Mao, robbing her of multiple computers, printers, and other personal property valued at tens of thousands of yuan. Ms. Mao was taken to the Chengxi Police Station, where she was illegally confined in a cage, interrogated, subjected to blood draws, and given health examinations.
On August 7, 2020, Falun Gong practitioner Wang Zhiliang from Shanghai was subjected to forced blood draws by around five or six police officers. According to a report by Minghui.org on August 8, 2020, over a dozen Falun Gong practitioners (including elderly individuals) in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai had been subjected to forced blood draws and fingerprinting by police.
On August 8, 2020, Han Aiwen, a Falun Gong practitioner from Shandong Yankuang Group, was kidnapped to Tiexi police station while distributing Falun Gong truth handouts at the Oulu Shopping Mall. During this time, she was forced to have her photograph taken, undergo a blood draw, and have her hair sample cut. On August 12, 2020, Li Yaqiu, a Falun Gong practitioner from Zhangcun Town in Weihai, Shandong, was forcibly searched by the Zhangcun Town Police Station and personnel from the Weihai "610" office. Li Yaqiu was subjected to a forced blood draw and had 350 yuan in truth clarification banknotes taken from her[488].
On December 1, 2020, Falun Gong practitioner Duan Zhenchun from Fuping Town in Baoding City, Hebei Province, was forcibly subjected to a blood draw. On December 10, 2020, Zhao Ximei, a Falun Gong practitioner from Beijing, was kidnapped and had her blood drawn by police from the Demao Police Station in Daxing District, Beijing. On the same day, Xing Xiangfeng, a Falun Gong practitioner in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, was abducted and forced to have her blood drawn. On December 19, 2020, Bian Lixian, a Falun Gong practitioner from Wangcang County in Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province, had his blood drawn by a police officer surnamed Liu[489].
Additionally, Falun Gong practitioners in various locations, including Tonghua in Jilin, Liaohe in Liaoning, Xi'an in Shaanxi, and Wuhan, have also suffered from forced blood draws by the Communist Party.
According to a report by Minghui.org in November 2022, since July 2020, dozens of Falun Gong practitioners in Shanghai have been forcibly subjected to blood draws by Communist Party police through deceptive or coercive methods. It is said that the Party aims to establish a nationwide living DNA database for Falun Gong practitioners. Shanghai police claimed this was a "national policy." The illegally collected information also included photographs, handwriting samples, phone numbers, fingerprints, height measurements, and more.
According to Minghui.org, in the first half of 2021, the Communist Party forcibly drew blood from 129 Falun Gong practitioners[490].
According to Minghui.org, in 2022, a total of 128 Falun Gong practitioners were subjected to forced blood draws, along with hair samples, voice recordings, fingerprints, footprints, saliva samples, DNA tests, and urine tests[491].
According to Minghui.org, in 2023, 167 Falun Gong practitioners were forcibly subjected to blood draws, fingerprinting, footprinting, voice recordings, facial recognition, DNA testing, urine tests, and iris scans[492].
3. Workflow: Systematic Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
Evidence collected by the WOIPFG reveals that the military has systematized the operation involving the organs harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners.
Chen Qiang, a contact for kidney sources at the Transplant Department of the 307 Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), emphasized that they operate as part of an official, police, and prison network for the trafficking of Falun Gong practitioners' organs and can provide materials proving the identity of Falun Gong donor practitioners.
WOIPFG previously investigated Chen Qiang, the kidney source contact at the 307 Hospital in Fengtai, Beijing. He explicitly stated, "If the real name cannot be found, he can only have a code, you know?" He also stressed that they "operate as part of an official, police, and prison network for trafficking Falun Gong practitioners' organs and can provide materials proving the identity of Falun Gong donor practitioners. [493]"
（Recording 258.download：MP3，transcript：pdf35)
Beijing Armed Police General Hospital's Director of Kidney Transplantation, Wang Jianli, claimed that the hospital conducts a significant number of kidney transplants, which is part of a systematic operation.
In 2006, the Beijing Armed Police General Hospital officially established a kidney transplant expert group to carry out kidney transplant surgeries, expanding the former liver transplant research institute into an organ transplant research institute[494]. Following the exposure of the Sujiatun scandal, the International Coalition conducted a phone investigation of the organ transplant research institute, where Dr. Wang Jianli stated: "There are very many (kidney transplants)! In the most recent thousand cases, over five hundred were kidney transplants. Which country in the world can do this? It’s all a process; it’s a systematic operation!"
(Recording 259. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 1)
In 2018, Wang Jianli admitted during a phone investigation by WOIPFG that they were still using Falun Gong donors[495].
4. Military, Judicial Institutions, and Transplant Hospitals Involved in the Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners
Since October, 2023, WOIPFG has been continuously investigating the CCP’s state crime of organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners. As of June, 866 pieces of recorded audio evidence and more than 4,000 pieces of data evidence pertaining to the CCP’s involvement in live organ harvesting have been obtained. WOIPFG has secured 66 pieces of direct evidence concerning the CCP’s use of Falun Gong practitioners’ organs in transplants.
These 66 pieces of evidence obtained include five standing committee members of the CCP Central Politburo, a vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, a Politburo member, a defense minister, and a former head of the health division of the PLA’s General Logistics Department, also 45 presidents, directors and chief surgeons from 41 organ transplant hospitals and centers.
Many people testified that Jiang Zemin, the former CCP leader, ordered the live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners. CCP Central Political Bureau Standing Committee member Li Changchun clearly stated that Zhou Yongkang was specifically in charge of the live organ harvesting.
CCP Central Politburo Standing Committee member Zhang Gaoli promised Jiang Zemin’s “secretary” over the phone that he would stop the investigation of Jiang’s crime for ordering the live organ harvesting of millions of Falun Gong practitioners.
An eyewitness at a live organ harvesting site at the Shenyang Military Region General Hospital testified about the entire process of the live organ harvesting operation of a Falun Gong practitioner.
On April 28, 2019, Falun Gong practitioner Zhang Xiuqin from Harbin testified about her brutal torture and live organ harvesting ordeal before her death[496].
In January 2020, Li Guowei, a doctor in the Kidney Transplant Department of the Xijing Hospital affiliated with the Air Force Medical University, explicitly admitted that he could provide organs from Falun Gong practitioners, claiming, "As long as you have the guts, if you dare to look, I can take you to the bedside to see this person who is in their twenties. [497] "
Chinese-American Lu Shuheng provided evidence that his family was involved in the live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners at the Shanghai Armed Police Hospital. [498]
A Japanese economic commentator, Mr. Jian Yuan, provided evidence, stating that he personally witnessed at the Beijing Armed Police General Hospital's liver transplant department, where a young Falun Gong practitioner in their twenties had their tendons in both arms and legs severed, and were bound to a bed in preparation for organ harvesting[499].
Chen Qiang, a contact for organ transplantation at the 307 Hospital of the PLA, emphasized that they operate within a network involving official, police, and prison systems for the organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners, and can provide materials proving the identity of Falun Gong donor practitioners.
Zhu Jiabin, head of the Comprehensive Section of the "610 Office" in Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, publicly admitted to harvesting the organs of Falun Gong practitioner Gao Yixi.
In investigations over the past three years, evidence continues to emerge regarding Falun Gong practitioner, confirming that the CCP has not ceased its live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners[500] [501] . A total of 891 organ transplant hospitals (centers) and 9,519 transplant practicing doctors are suspected of involvement in the live organ harvesting.
Recordings and witness testimonies from WOIPFG’s investigation into the live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners by the military, judicial institutions, and transplant hospitals:
Bai Shuzhong, former director of the Health Division for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) General Logistics Department.
On September 30, 2014, a WOIPFG investigator called Bai Shuzhong, as a member of the Bo Xilai Special Investigation Team. Bai clearly stated that Jiang Zemin gave a direct order to harvest organs from Falun Gong practitioners for organ transplantation, and that there were multiple state apparatuses besides the military, which had been involved in live organ harvesting.
(Recording 260: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf16)
As the then-director of the Health Division of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Logistics Department, Bai played a key role in conveying Jiang’s order to slaughter Falun Gong practitioners for their organs. His term of office was between 1998 and 2004, which coincided with the peak time period of the CCP’s persecution of Falun Gong practitioners and its crime of live organ harvesting. As the highest medical administrative leader in the military health system, he was likely one of the individuals most aware of the situation at that time.
Investigator: “Here is the situation, when you were the director of the health division for the PLA General Logistics Department, regarding excising organs from captivated Falun Gong people for organ transplantation, was it an order from Wang Ke, the then director of the PLA General Logistics Department? Or did it directly come from the Central Military Commission?”
Bai: “Back then, it was President Jiang. There was an order, a sort of instruction. It said to start carrying out this thing, which is organ transplantation. Later, President Jiang, (I) heard, issued an instruction, about people selling kidneys for transplant surgeries, this, I should say, it was not just the military that was doing kidney transplants.”
Investigator: “We also obtained some information, that is, back then, the Joint Logistics Departments (of the Military Regions) were responsible for detaining a batch of Falun Gong people as live organ donors, right?”
Bai Shuzhong: “This, this, back then, ah, I think, at least this is how I remembered, back then, yes. Because back then, after President Jiang issued the instruction, we all did a lot of anti-Falun Gong work.”
The recording clearly indicates that the live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners was directly ordered by Jiang Zemin, and more than one government/CCP system besides the military was involved in live organ harvesting.
This telephone recording affirms the weight of the evidence WOIPFG has acquired from the military, armed police, regional government agencies and the judiciary and legal systems. All of these entities are suspected of direct responsibility for participating in the crime of live organ harvesting. It also expounds on the reasons behind this issue and confirms the judgment WOIPFG has made based on the collected evidence.
Witness testimony of an armed guard at the scene
On December 12, 2009, an armed police officer in Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, who had served as a gun guard at the scene of organ harvesting from live Falun Gong practitioners, called WOIPFG to prove that he witnessed the entire process of organ harvesting from live Falun Gong practitioners. [502]
On April 9, 2002, in an operating room on the 15th floor of the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, the witness served as a gun guard. In-person, he saw that a female middle school teacher in her 30s who was practicing Falun Gong had her heart, liver, and kidney organs taken alive by two military doctors (one of whom had an officer’s certificate number 0106069), without anesthetics. Before that, the female teacher had been tortured, humiliated, and raped for a month.
Aside from exposing live organ harvesting, the witness also disclosed more unknown crimes. For example, the Jinzhou Public Security Bureau persecuted and killed many Falun Gong practitioners, but claimed these practitioners suicide or accident; they even sucked out Falun Gong practitioners' brain pulp, etc. Besides, there were even eviler things had been done...
(Recording 261: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf34)
A witness reported to WOIPFG the Beijing General Hospital of Armed Police cuts tendons in limbs of Falun Gong practitioners before live organ harvesting
On July 25, 2022, Japanese economic commentator Ushio Sugawara reported to WOIFPG, that before harvesting organs from live Falun Gong practitioners, the Beijing General Hospital of Armed Police cuts off tendons in Falun Gong practitioners arms and legs, in order to keep the organs in a relaxed state and ensure the quality of organs[503].
The insider also revealed, that a doctor from the General Hospital of the Armed Police said, "Because the population in China is large, we can supply any number of donors that are suited for organ transplantation." In other words, they have as many as live people as they want, for the purpose of harvesting organs. There are enough Chinese, ready to be slaughtered at will. This is another evidence that there is a Nazi type of concentration camp by the Chinese Communist Party, that supplies organs by living humans.
The evidence from years of investigation by the WOIPFG indicates that the General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces has long been harvesting organs from living Falun Gong practitioners. Moreover, organ transplant research was suddenly launched after 1999, and organ transplantation has developed rapidly since, which is highly synchronized with the start and course of the CCP’s persecution of Falun Gong. The waiting times are extremely short, the source of organ donors is conveniently sufficient, and there are multiple expert transplant teams, huge quantity of transplant surgeries, etc. It is one of the units with huge numbers of transplants in the entire country and PLA. and is among the most severely implicated in the crime of live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners[504].
WOIPFG's Follow-Up Phone Investigation on Dr. Li Guowei from Xijing Hospital’s Kidney Transplant Department Engaging in Live Organ Harvesting
From Dec 26, 2019 to Jan 15, 2020, World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) conducted an investigation on Li Guowei, a kidney transplant surgeon at Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the CCP’s Air Force Medical University (formerly the Fourth Military Medical University). In the first four telephone inquiries, the investigator posed as the patient’s family members looking for donated organs, and in the fifth call, in the capacity of WOIPFG investigator in an official verification of the case. Five phone recordings about the CCP’s live organ harvesting have been obtained through our step-by-step investigation from multiple angles. The investigation result confirms once again that the CCP’s organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners actually exists, and this heinous crime has not stopped and is still ongoing[505].
Our fourth phone investigation taking place on January 13, 2020 especially exposed several deeply hidden secrets of the CCP’s live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners, as well as CCP’s long-standing lies of sourcing transplant organs from executed prisoners and voluntary donors through the Red Cross Society of China. The person under investigation acknowledged straightforwardly, “The organs come from Falun Gong practitioners”, while in the CCP authorities’ public statements, they have been described as young donors with high-quality and primary illness-free organs. He even claimed, “As long as you have the guts, at that time (i.e., when a Falun Gong practitioner donor becomes available) ...as long as you dare to take a look, I can bring you to the bedside and let you have a look, that is, to let you see with your own eyes that this person is in his 20s.”
(Onsite Video Recordings of WOIPFG’s Investigation[506])
Mudanjiang City’s 610 police Zhu Jiabin Admitted to Having Harvested and “Sold” Living Falun Gong Practitioner Gao Yixi’s Organs
Investigative Recording: Zhu Jiabin, head of the general department of the CCP’s “610 Office” in Mudanjiang City
Date: June 21, 2016
On April 19, 2016, Falun Gong practitioner Gao Yixi, a 45-year-old male residing in Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, was illegally arrested by five people led by Mudanjiang Municipal Public Security Xianfeng Sub-Bureau’s Yuanming Community Police Office’s patrol unit vice-captain Lv Hongfeng and was detained at the Mudanjiang Second Detention Center. On April 30, the police informed Gao Yixi’s family that he had passed away, his body was in Mudanjiang Sidao and they had already performed “an autopsy”.
On June 21, 2016, Zhu Jiabin, the head of the general department of the CCP’s “610 Office” in Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, directly admitted to a WOIPFG investigator that they harvested Gao Yixi’s organs, while he was still alive and sold them. [507]
(Recording 262. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 28)
6. Testimony from Yang Guang, a China Expert Residing in Denmark
6.1. Internal Data from Chinese Public Security Bureau: Over 500,000 Falun Gong Practitioners' Organs Harvested in General Local Hospitals Alone
Yang Guang said: “According to a friend of mine from the Ministry of Public Security, who told me over the phone, based on statistics from general hospitals alone, over the past decade or so, cases of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners for transplants have caused more than 500,000 unnatural deaths of Falun Gong practitioners. This figure of 500,000 only includes ordinary hospitals such as public hospitals and city hospitals, and does not include hospitals of the Armed Police, military hospitals, or police hospitals. The statistics from these Armed Police and military hospitals are even more confidential, even people within the Ministry of Public Security don't have access to them. [508]”
6.2. Two Affiliated Hospitals of a Medical University in a Major City Perform 2,000–3,000 Transplants Annually
On March 16, 2014, The Epoch Times reported that Mr. Yang Guang, a China expert living in Denmark, exclusively revealed the truth about organ harvesting occurring in affiliated hospitals of medical universities in mainland China[509]. Mr. Yang had a former classmate who worked as a deputy dean at a medical university in a certain city in China (for the safety of the individuals involved, the specific name of the hospital and doctors is not disclosed here). This classmate, an industry expert responsible for the hospital's logistics, disclosed the dark secret of organ transplants hidden behind this hospital.
"Our university’s two affiliated hospitals perform 2,000 to 3,000 organ transplant surgeries each year. Because we have a living donor supply bank, blood type matching takes at most a month, and in some cases, can be completed in as little as 48 hours. Once we notify the '610 Office,' a prisoner transport vehicle immediately delivers the designated donor to our hospital. Typically, after blood type verification, various transplant surgeries are performed, such as liver, kidney, and corneal transplants, often simultaneously. After the surgery, the donor’s body is sent to the crematorium for incineration without collecting any ashes. We only have the donor’s identification number and know that they are Falun Gong practitioners. Personnel from the '610 Office' are present throughout the entire transplant process to monitor the procedures."
“The Communist Party Committee at a higher level sets rules for us to keep all the information confidential. We are not allowed to look into the situation or the number of organ transplants in other hospitals, nor are we allowed to tell others about the organ transplant situation in our hospital. At the end of each year, we report to our higher-level Party Committee the number of transplants conducted within that year (2,000 to 3,000 cases) and the code numbers of the organ donors. Immediately after we send the report, monitored by the 610 Office personnel, we are ordered to delete all the data from our computers.”
Deathbed Testimonies of a Falun Dafa Disciple Murdered by Live Organ Harvesting in 2019[510]
WOIPFG received a report that on April 28, 2019, Zhang Xiuqin, a Falun Gong practitioner from Harbin City, had her organs harvested alive at the Department of Infectious Diseases of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Integrated Logistic Support and Security Forces No. 962 Hospital (formerly the PLA No. 211 Hospital). While the hospital authorities were cleaning up the remains of live organ harvesting victims, Zhang Xiuqin woke up and was discovered by a doctor with a conscience. On her deathbed, Zhang told this doctor about her harrowing ordeal of being tortured and having her organ harvested alive by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
Zhang Xiuqin, a 46-year-old woman originally from Laizhou, Shandong Province, was a Falun Gong practitioner who started practicing Falun Dafa in 1998. After the CCP began persecuting Falun Gong on July 20, 1999, Zhang’s home was repeatedly raided, and she was illegally kidnapped multiple times by the CCP for speaking the truth about Falun Gong. And she was also sentenced to two years of forced labor and 3.5 years of imprisonment, dismissed from her job, and forcibly displaced.
At the end of 2018, she was kidnapped again and subjected to a long period of torture with various methods, even including sexual assaults. Half a year later, her abdomen was cut open, with one of her kidneys harvested alive. They also opened up the part of her stomach, where her liver was located, but didn’t remove the liver, presumably because it was severely injured and no longer usable. And the surgeons didn’t even close the multiple incisions made on her body with basic sutures. The case of Falun Gong practitioner Zhang Xiuqin, who was murdered by live organ harvesting, is the first case, in which a victim of the CCP’s crime of live organ harvesting against Falun Gong practitioners reported her experience of being organ harvested alive, and in shocking detail.
In 2015, the CCP announced that it would stop using organs from executed prisoners, and that voluntary organ donations from citizens would be the only source of transplanted organs. However, the murder of Zhang Xiuqin was committed in April 2019. This case once again proves that the CCP’s evil crime of live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners not only exists, but has always been ongoing. Before Zhang Xiuqin was murdered, she was held in a basement after a medical examination. There, more than a dozen Falun Gong practitioners were being held, and often people were taken away, but they would never come back. And new ones would be brought in after a few days. There were dozens of people going in and out of the basement. This is a living organ donor pool, also known as a death camp, set up by the CCP, and such places can be found all over China, even today. The doctor stated in her testimony: “We didn’t know any of these people, as they were not from our work unit, and the people that came were different each time.” This implies that many hospitals excise organs and perform live organ harvesting operations in this hospital. And the Infectious Disease Department of the People’s Liberation Army No. 211 Hospital in Harbin is a “secret den for live organ harvesting”.
Furthermore, according to her testimony, this hospital was chosen as a place to perform live organ harvesting, because “we are the Infectious Disease Department of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) No. 211 Hospital in Harbin. And the dead bodies after the surgeries are required to be disposed of as contaminants. That is, they would be sealed, sterilized and cremated directly, without opening the packages in the middle of the process. That’s why they had chosen to do such surgeries at our hospital. It would be very secretive and convenient to destroy the evidence here.”
The PLA No. 211 Hospital is a Class AAA tertiary general hospital, but it has no external organ transplant business. And it is also a military hospital, so it is obviously a secretive place chosen to perform live organ harvesting. The operations are arranged in the Infectious Disease Department, which makes it convenient to incinerate the bodies and destroy the evidence. An illegal den for live organ harvesting, such as the Infectious Disease Department of the PLA No. 211 Hospital, is probably a typical mode of operation for the CCP’s live organ harvesting, and a key link in the bloody chain of the CCP’s organ transplant industry.
V. Hospitals Involved in Organ Harvesting Are Large in Scale
China’s organ transplant industry appears to be massive in scale, both in terms of the number of hospitals involved and the number of transplants conducted, which are staggering.
On June 10, 1999, former CCP leader Jiang Zemin bypassed the constitution and legal procedures, mobilizing the entire state apparatus to initiate the persecution of Falun Gong. According to investigation data from WOIPFG, since 1999, the CCP’s military and police hospitals have allegedly been systematically involved in harvesting organs from living Falun Gong practitioners, resulting in genocidal persecution. The CCP has established an organ transplant industry with a militarized, "kill-on-demand" supply chain led by the General Logistics Department, with the military as the main entity, supported by the armed police, judicial system, and healthcare system. The special status and self-contained authoritarian management of the CCP’s military enable this persecution to be even more brutal and secretive.
The CCP’s dedicated agency for persecuting Falun Gong, the "610 Office," coordinates the distribution of Falun Gong practitioners who go to Beijing to petition and those who are abducted and illegally detained nationwide, ensuring that various regions can quickly obtain organ donors in a short time. This operation follows the military's unique, secretive, and centralized management style, with the General Logistics Department overseeing concentration camps, managing the scheduling, transportation, transfer, security, and accounting. Hundreds of military hospitals under the PLA General Logistics Department, armed police forces general hospitals, affiliated hospitals of military medical universities, the seven major military regions’ general hospitals, and numerous affiliated hospitals either initiate or expand their organ transplant capabilities, forming a systematic and massive killing apparatus[511].
The World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) conducted investigations and evidence collection on organ transplant medical institutions across 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 4 municipalities in mainland China. As of December 2014, WOIPFG identified 865 hospitals and 9,500 doctors involved in organ transplants[512]. Among them, 712 hospitals performed liver and kidney transplants, covering 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 217 prefecture-level cities across mainland China. These include facilities within the military and armed police systems, as well as a significant number of traditional Chinese medicine hospitals, legal hospitals, children's hospitals, county-level hospitals, and specialty hospitals that do not meet the typical requirements for transplant surgeries.
According to the July 2015 statistics from the Chinese Hospital Administration Bureau of the National Health and Family Planning Commission[513], there were 20,918 hospitals in mainland China, including 1,151 top-tier (Level III) hospitals and 4,321 secondary (Level II) hospitals. Level III hospitals are typically large general or specialty hospitals in major cities with over 500 beds, of which 705 are top-tier Level III-A (Class AAA) hospitals[514], all of which conduct organ transplants.
According to Ye Qifa, at its peak in 2007, there were over a thousand hospitals capable of performing organ transplants[515].
VI. Organ Transplants as a Means to Extend the Lives of the Elite
In 2005, the "981 Health Project for Senior Leaders" was launched, focusing on six priorities: cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease prevention, anti-aging, chronic disease management, healthy lifestyle promotion, and organ function regeneration. The goal is to enable high-ranking CCP officials to live up to 150 years. The "981 Model" comprises three major initiatives: the "Health Promotion Project" (eternal youth), the "Rejuvenation Project" (eternal youth), and the "150-Year Longevity Project" (longevity). The CCP systematically arranges healthy organ transplants to extend the lives of senior officials. [516]
It is well known that the privileged class relies on exclusive supplies of food, air, and medical care to maintain their longevity. However, as people age, their organs naturally fail, and even the best care cannot easily ensure an average lifespan nearing a hundred years. According to informed sources, organ transplants are the key to life extension, and this life-extension program is kept strictly confidential[517].
Several doctors allegedly involved in forced organ harvesting hold key positions on the Central Health Commission.
Shen Zhongyang, Director of the Organ Transplant Center at Tianjin First Central Hospital, Director of the Tianjin Organ Transplant Institute, Director of the Organ Transplant Institute of the Armed Police General Hospital, Chief Expert in Organ Transplantation Technology under the 863 Program in the field of biomedical technology, and Chief Expert on Organ Transplantation for the core team of the Central Health Commission[518], is one of these doctors. (The Central Health Commission is the agency primarily responsible for the health of CCP leaders.) Shen Zhongyang established the organ transplant department at Tianjin First Central Hospital in 1998, which expanded into the Oriental Organ Transplant Center in 2006. He also set up the largest organ transplant center in Beijing at the Armed Police Forces General Hospital, where he served as Director[519]. By the end of 2014, he had completed nearly ten thousand liver transplants[520] [521]. In 2018, an assistant to Director Shen Zhongyang confirmed the use of Falun Gong practitioners as donors[522].
Huang Jiefu: Former Deputy Minister of Health. Currently serves as the Chairman of the China National Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, President of the China Organ Transplant Development Foundation, Honorary Director of Surgery at Peking Xiehe Medical College Hospital, and Director of the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery. In 2004, he also served as Director of the Central Health Office and Director of the Central Health Bureau. In 2008, he was appointed Deputy Director of the Central Health Commission (at the ministerial level). He was an alternate member of the 15th and 16th CCP Central Committees and a member of the 11th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference[523].
He Xiaoshun: Vice President of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and Director of the East Campus. He is a Level II Professor, leader and chief expert in organ transplantation, and an expert on the Central Health Commission. He has served as a member of the Central Health Commission[524]. He also held roles as the head of the Organ Procurement Group of the Chinese Medical Association’s Organ Transplantation Branch, Deputy Director of the Ministry of Health’s Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology Research Center, Vice Chairman of the China OPO (Organ Procurement Organization) Alliance and Chair of the South China Region, and Director of the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplantation Immunology[525]. He Xiaoshun admitted to using organs from Falun Gong practitioners[526]. The transplant center he leads has performed over 7,000 organ transplants, including liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, and small intestine transplants[527]. In a November 5, 2013, article in Southern Weekly titled "The Maze of Organ Donation," He Xiaoshun was quoted saying, “The year 2000 was a watershed for organ transplants in China.” “ In 2000, the number of liver transplants nationwide increased tenfold compared to 1999, and tripled again by 2005. [528]” Guangzhou Daily reported on March 14, 2006, that the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University performed 19 kidney transplants in a single day[529], at a time when He Xiaoshun was the Director of the Transplant Department.
According to a January 2, 2023, report by Xinhua News, Gao Zhanxiang, former Secretary of the CCP Team of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, passed away on December 9, 2022, at the age of 87. In a eulogy, Zhu Yongxin, a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, revealed that Gao Zhanxiang had mentioned, “Many organs in my body have been replaced,” and “Many parts are no longer my own.” This unintended remark revealed the fact that high-ranking officials extend their lives through organ transplants[530].
An official from Xinhua News Agency personally accompanied former member of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee and Chairman of the Goldlion Group Board, Tsang Hin-chi, to Guangzhou for a kidney transplant. At the time, officials from the Hong Kong branch of Xinhua News Agency (the predecessor of the Liaison Office of the Central People’s Government in Hong Kong) accompanied Tsang to mainland China, organizing a team to serve him at a hospital in Guangzhou and helping Tsang personally select a suitable donor. Tsang Hin-chi donated nearly 18 million yuan to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou over the years. He often publicly shared his experiences of undergoing a kidney transplant and expressed gratitude toward the "central government," but he never disclosed the source of his kidney. According to information revealed to The Epoch Times, when Tsang underwent his kidney transplant in Guangzhou, CCP officials personally went to various labor camps, detention centers, and prisons in Guangzhou to select a kidney source. Allegedly, they examined dozens of young prisoners and detainees for compatibility and health status, eventually choosing a young person from an out-of-province “three-no” background (meaning someone no ID card, no temporary residence permit, nor employment certificate). This person was then executed under a certain pretext, and the kidney was harvested. This process reportedly followed the same methods as before. Huang Jiefu, who assisted Tsang Hin-chi with his kidney transplant and later became the Deputy Minister of Health, is suspected of being involved in organ harvesting[531].
A former official who worked for many years with the Guangdong Overseas Chinese Affairs Office disclosed to The Epoch Times that as early as the 1980s, the CCP was already using live organs from prisoners at the “Southern Hospital” (the First Affiliated Hospital of the Southern Medical University, formerly known as Hospital 157 of the People’s Liberation Army). They exploited the networks within the overseas Chinese community as a tool for united front work, providing special services to wealthy merchants and generating massive profits[532].
Bai Lan, an advisor for the Chinese Chamber of Commerce who had returned from a kidney transplant in China, died suddenly on September 18, 2016. Friends and family attributed her death to “health issues.” Bai Lan had been encouraged to undergo a kidney transplant in Guangzhou at the "Southern Hospital." [533]
Personnel at the Chinese Consulate in San Francisco once revealed that Bai Lan was used as a tool in their efforts to suppress Falun Gong in San Francisco. In February 2002, when former Beijing Mayor Liu Qi and Liaoning Province Vice Governor Xia Deren were sued by Falun Gong practitioners in San Francisco on charges including torture and crimes against humanity, Bai Lan sent a letter on behalf of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce to the judge, seeking to prevent a guilty verdict. Ultimately, on December 8, 2004, the U.S. Federal Court in Northern California found Liu Qi and Xia Deren guilty. [534]
On December 17, 2019, the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong conducted a phone investigation with a nurse named Liu from the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at the Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University. Nurse Liu stated that the hospital has priority access to liver sources and that Director Zhou Jie specializes in providing services for overseas Chinese patients (through a special clinic for overseas Chinese patients). [535]
Chapter 14: The Regulation on Organ Transplant Donation Legitimizes Organ Harvesting at the National Level
Since October 1984, when the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs jointly issued the "Interim Provisions" regarding corpses or bodily organs, China's organ transplant legislation has been in a long-standing "vacuum state." In China, 98% of organ sources are controlled outside the Ministry of Health system.
Chen Zhonghua emphasized that only regulations issued by the State Council can manage multiple departments comprehensively, and we have not yet reached that stage. Ultimately, these regulations must be elevated to law, which requires approval from the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. This three-step process will take at least ten years. Thus far, we have only taken a very, very small step, and it remains unclear what impact this will have on organ transplantation[536].
Starting from July 1, 2006, the "Interim Provisions on the Clinical Application Management of Human Organ Transplant Technology" formulated by the Ministry of Health came into effect, breaking the two-decade legislative vacuum in organ transplantation. Regarding the practicality and limitations of this regulation, Chen Zhonghua described the "Interim Provisions" as China's first and also the most rudimentary and crude regulation on organ transplant management. In principle, China has indeed made a step forward, but it is a very, very small step, far from modern transplant regulations. Its main function is to regulate the most downstream aspects of the transplant field, namely the qualification certification of hospitals and doctors performing transplant surgeries, akin to an access system. So, what are its main shortcomings or deficiencies? Firstly, it lacks a clear definition of death. What constitutes death? This means that cases of brain death cannot be utilized since there is no special description for brain death. Without legal support, organs from brain-dead individuals still cannot be utilized[537].
Chen Zhonghua stated that the newly issued organ transplant management regulations are merely the first step of a long march. Legal regulations are a multi-faceted issue, and the currently issued management regulations can only enforce administrative management within the Ministry of Health, lacking significant legal effect. For instance, if a violation occurs, only administrative penalties can be applied to the involved parties, and it cannot be handled as criminal or civil disputes. There is no cross-departmental regulation involving the Ministry of Justice or the Ministry of Public Security—where most of the organ resources currently originate. Therefore, the functionality of these "Interim Provisions" is actually very weak.
Chen Zhonghua emphasized that only regulations issued by the State Council can manage multiple departments comprehensively, and we have not yet reached that stage. Ultimately, these regulations must be elevated to law, which requires approval from the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. This three-step process will take at least ten years. Thus far, we have only taken a very, very small step, and it remains unclear what impact this will have on organ transplantation[538].
On March 27, 2006, the Ministry of Health published the "Interim Provisions on the Clinical Application Management of Human Organ Transplant Technology" on its website. Professor Sun Dongdong from Peking University Law School told reporters, “I have participated in the Ministry of Health's organ transplant legislative working group for about three to five years. Initially, we aimed to create an 'Organ Transplant Law,' but later it was downgraded to the 'Organ Transplant Regulation.' What has been issued now is merely a departmental regulation, an administrative management provision. The reason is that organ transplant issues involve organ donors, recipients, doctor behavior, organ sources, storage and transportation, and allocation—this is a complex intersection of medicine, law, ethics, economics, and politics, making legislation very challenging.” Industry insiders generally believe that the interim provisions mainly address the chaotic competition within the medical industry but fail to alleviate the fundamental contradiction between the supply and demand for human organ transplants in China[539].
Professor Chen Zhonghua, director of the Organ Transplant Research Institute at Tongji Medical College, expressed to reporters, “The regulations leave several regrets: they do not specify between relatives or non-relatives in living organ donors, the critical issue of 'brain death' is not mentioned, and the clause stating 'human organs must not be bought or sold' is essentially ineffective in the industry. Resources are controlled outside the Ministry of Health, making implementation quite difficult.” Chen Zhonghua stated, “The regulations do not fundamentally manage the sources of organs.” Zheng Hong, deputy director of the Oriental Organ Transplant Center, believes, “There are significant technological differences across regions in the country, and levels of experience vary; it is difficult to achieve a nationwide management standard all at once.” On March 21, 2007, the State Council issued the "Regulations on Human Organ Transplant" (hereinafter referred to as "the Regulations").
On March 9, 2006, the exposure of the Sujiatun concentration camp incident, where large-scale organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners was reported, shocked the public. In the face of accusations of organ harvesting, the Chinese government and the organ transplant community fell into a brief silence, and all national organ transplant institutions suddenly halted their activities. Three weeks later, the official "Interim Provisions on the Clinical Application Management of Human Organ Transplant Technology" was issued, stipulating that from July 1, 2006, hospitals qualifying for organ transplants would be screened, and from May 1, 2007, hospitals without qualifications could no longer perform organ transplants. After the interim provisions were issued, hospitals and major transplant centers across the country not only resumed organ transplant surgeries but also significantly increased their numbers, leading to a peak in transplant operations. Suddenly, there were numerous organs available, resulting overtime work to carry out transplants. Organs became so abundant that they were sold at low prices or even given away for free. This surge in transplant operations lasted for at least a year, continuing until May 1, 2007[540].
In 2009, the former General Office of the Ministry of Health issued a Notice Regarding The Application Of Human Organ Transplants For Overseas Individuals, strictly limiting “transplant tourism” and essentially eliminating the phenomenon of foreign patients coming to China for transplant medical services. Huang Jiefu, director of the China Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, stated during an interview with Deep Thoughts (ID: intodeepthoughts) in March 2017, during the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, that “organ transplant tourism” had completely disappeared in China last year (2016) [541]. In 2017, a reporter from TV Chosun, affiliated to the largest South Korean newspaper, Chosun Ilbo, visited the Tianjin Oriental Organ Transplant Center. The investigation showed[542] that the center has an international medical center operating year-round, with dedicated transplant wards for foreigners. Every year, a large number of South Koreans and Middle Eastern patients come here for transplant surgeries. In 2017, there were slightly more Middle Eastern patients than South Korean patients. Staff at the hospital claimed that the government has banned transplant tourism, but they turn a blind eye to it[543].
To combat organ trafficking, on May 1, 2011, the "Eighth Amendment to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China" came into effect. The number death penalty charges in China was reduced from 68 to 55, and a new criminal offense was added: "organ trafficking."[544] This specifically discusses the involvement of the Red Cross, transplant hospitals, and judicial institutions in organ trafficking, but it lacks any supervisory enforcement clauses. This highlights that Chinese law can be largely ineffective. The Eighth Amendment states: “Those who organize others to sell human organs shall be sentenced to imprisonment of up to five years and fined; if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to five or more years of imprisonment and fined or have their property confiscated.” With such lenient sentencing, human life seems to be worth less than that of animals. In August 2014, the largest organ trafficking case in China to date was concluded in the Beijing First Intermediate People's Court. Fifteen defendants, including organizers, intermediaries, brokers, and four medical staff, were involved, with Beijing 304 Hospital's urology department deeply implicated. Defendants Zheng Wei and others were found to have illegally sold 51 human kidneys, involving an amount of 10.34 million yuan[545]. As the organizer, Zheng Wei was sentenced to 12 years in prison for organizing the sale of human organs, while others received prison sentences ranging from 3.5 to 9 years[546].
Regarding organ donation by minors, many countries do not advocate it[547]. The current "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation"[548] stipulate in Article 8 that “citizens donating human organs should have full civil capacity.” This clearly excludes minors from organ donation. However, it continues to state that “if a citizen has not expressed a refusal to donate their organs while alive, upon their death, their spouse, adult children, or parents may express consent in writing to donate the organs.” This provision seems to provide a legal basis for the illegal acquisition of organs from minors.
On July 2, 2020, the National Health Commission of the Communist Party of China revised the "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" and published the "Revised Draft of the Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation (for Solicitation of Comments)." The draft stipulates that no organization or individual may remove living organs from citizens under the age of 18 for transplantation, and those who commit such acts will be held criminally liable[549]. According to this provision, does this mean that removing organs from individuals of other ages is legal? Does this revision imply that previously, the removal of living organs from citizens under 18 was not pursued criminally, while the removal of organs from those aged 18 and above, both in the past and future, would not face criminal liability?
According to a report by Radio Free Asia in November 2022, human rights lawyer Wu Shaoping, based in the United States, believes that China’s "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" as an administrative regulation are very vague and lack detail. “Whether you are the donor or the recipient of an organ, or involved in related interests, we find that they basically lack clear avenues for relief.” He noted that the regulations do not specify which behaviors directly constitute crimes that need to be prosecuted. The composition and determination of ethics committees are also inadequately defined, allowing for opaque operations. Even with the "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation," it remains difficult to supervise them because the information is opaque, and relevant stakeholders have not been granted the right to disclose related information. The "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" have not truly suppressed the rampant illegal organ transplant activities; instead, they have seemingly stimulated them[550].
On October 20, 2023, Premier Li Qiang chaired a State Council executive meeting, where the "Regulations on Organ Donation and Transplantation (Revised Draft)" were reviewed and approved. These regulations came into effect on May 1, 2024. This marks the first major revision since China implemented the "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" in 2007, with the revised regulations adding the term "donation" to the title[551]. The passage of this new regulation indicates that the Communist Party of China has, at the national level, cloaked its immoral organ harvesting industry in a veneer of legality.
The Chinese Communist Party has long established a complete organ harvesting industry chain based on the entire judicial and medical systems, with practitioners of Falun Gong being the earliest and still the largest group of persecuted individuals within this industry[552]. This regulation further legitimizes the organ harvesting industry, which serves privileged classes, generates enormous profits, and facilitates killing on demand[553].
Chapter 15: Promoting Infant Organ Donation—The Chinese Communist Party's Grasp Extends to Infants
According to a report from the "Xinmin Weekly" published on March 7, 2013, and reprinted by Sina News, Zhang Lei, deputy director of the organ transplant center at Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, stated that it is easier to promote organ donation from infants and young children than from adults.
As early as 2013, the organ transplant center at Changzheng Hospital began engaging in the transplantation of organ donors from infants and young children. The report mentioned that due to the high-risk of transplant surgeries involving infant organs, Chief Physician Zeng Li from the center noted that when major transplant centers in the country encounter cases of kidney donation from infants, they directly refer them to Changzheng Hospital without inputting the organ information into the response system. “Because only we can perform such surgeries nationwide. Likewise, patients in need of infant organ transplants can only register and wait here. [554]”
According to a report by Xinhua News in August 2018, the youngest organ donor in Anhui was only 10 days old[555].
In a November 2021 report by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Journalism Academic Network, a premature infant weighing only 1.07 kilograms donated a kidney[556].
On December 13, 2016, Zhejiang News reported that the youngest organ donor in Zhejiang had lived for only four days[557].
Mainland netizens commented: “An infant ‘voluntarily’ donates a kidney to save two adults. Can infants really consent? Don’t forget that children under 8 are considered persons without legal capacity. Can parents decide to donate their infant's organs? Life is equal, and both parents and infants have the right to live. [558]” Such actions seriously violate ethical standards.
Chapter 16: Organ Donation Entering Primary and Secondary School Campuses: the CCP Extends Its Claws to Youth
The CCP's propaganda intentionally guides young teenagers, whose minds are not yet mutual, to become voluntary organ donors[559].
A report from the Zhejiang Daily on March 11, 2018, documents that 41 seventh-grade students and their parents from Anji Road Experimental Middle School in Hangzhou participated in a large organ donation promotion event organized by the Zhejiang Provincial Organ Donation Management Center and the Shangcheng District Red Cross, themed “With You Along the Way, Warmth Together.” A group of middle school students pledged to voluntarily participate in organ donation activities, and reports revealed that “over 240 teachers and students present signed organ donation intention letters on the spot.” [560] In 2023, a survey jointly initiated by the China Organ Transplant Development Foundation and 360 Charity indicated that 90% of participants were willing to become organ donation volunteers, most of whom were born after 2000. According to statistics, 60% of organ donation volunteers in Zhejiang are under 30 years old. Reports from mainland media noted that on December 5, 2020, a large memorial park for organ donors was established in Jiangxi Province, where dozens of young people collectively pledged to voluntarily donate their bodies and organs, with a representative from Nanchang University Medical School reciting poetry[561].
Similar memorial parks are not limited to just one; they have spread across the country. For example, on June 12, 2010, the “Red Cross Memorial Garden” at Fushou Garden in Henan was completed. On the morning of December 15, 2020, the memorial monument for organ donors in Xuancheng City was unveiled, with the inscription on the right side the names of 160 deceased donors from Xuancheng City since 2009. On November 25, 2021, the first county-level monument for organ (body) donors in Hunan Province was unveiled at the central cemetery in Pingjiang County. At that time, “1488 people in Pingjiang had completed the registration for body organ donation, and 18 had successfully donated.” On August 10, 2022, the completion ceremony for the memorial park for body and organ donors in Jilin Province was held at Fushan Shoumingyuan in Changchun. On the morning of November 22, 2022, the completion ceremony for the organ donation memorial park in Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, was held alongside a promotional event for organ donation volunteer registration.
Chinese lawyer Xie Zhengmin stated that organizing minors to pledge to donate organs is illegal. Minors cannot donate organs. Donors must possess full civil capacity. If a minor expresses the intent to donate organs while alive, that expression has no legal effect. Minors do not possess full civil capacity under the law, which limits the effectiveness of their expressions. Organ donation is considered a significant event, and out of protection purpose, minors are not granted capacity in this matter by law. Additionally, organ donation has a substantial impact on personal rights, and the legal representatives of minors cannot act on their behalf or retroactively approve such decisions[562].
There have been many suspicious cases of young people in China being declared "brain dead" and becoming organ donors.
On May 23, 2020, a girl from Fujian, Chen Chunxiang, filled out a volunteer form for organ donation. On November 22, 2022, at the age of 26, she unfortunately passed away due to a car accident. In the operating room of the First Hospital of Nanping, Fujian, her heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and corneas were harvested[563].
On January 11, 2023, according to a report from the Qilu Evening News' Weibo account, a 20-year-old university student from Rizhao, Shandong Province, named Ding Shaotong, suddenly fell off his bicycle and sustained serious injuries. After being rushed to the hospital, he was declared in a state of brain death[564]. His parents helped donate seven organs, including his heart, lungs, liver, two kidneys, and corneas. Many netizens on the mainland expressed skepticism, saying it was the first time they had heard of a bicycle accident leading to brain death. Comments included, "What a coincidence!" "Can you really fall that badly while riding a bike? Who hasn’t fallen off a bike?" "How did they match him so quickly within the effective time?" "Bicycles, electric vehicles, sudden illness, next time, will it be someone tripping while walking?" "It seems like seven people were already matched and waiting for him!"
On October 27, 2023, a 40-year-old man from Hefei named Wang Gan was declared brain dead, and eight organs—including his heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and corneas—were harvested. Even brain tissue was taken for medical research. This is truly evil and has no bottom line, even more so than Unit 731[565]!
On December 12, 2023, a 22-year-old man from Hubei, known by the pseudonym Xiao Fei, suddenly experienced brain death from an accident. His parents were deceived into donating all of his usable organs and tissues, including one heart, one lung, two kidneys, one liver, one pancreas, and two corneas, resulting in nine transplants[566]. This set a record for organ donations from a single individual in Hubei Province. On the day of donation, eight surgeries were performed simultaneously at Central South Hospital. This person was essentially completely harvested in an instant, and the matching process was astonishingly quick!
In January 2024, Li Zhanfei, the director of the trauma surgery department at Wuhan Tongji Hospital, aimed to obtain organs from a 28-year-old man who was fully capable of recovery. To do this, he provided passive treatment, refused surgery on him, and, based solely on CT results, twice declared the patient to be "brain dead" and pressured the family to agree to donate the man's organs. When the family refused, the doctor even forged death records and ECG readings, collaborating with mortuary and funeral home staff to steal the young man's organs[567].
On February 1, 2024, a 13-year-old boy named Liao Ganghan, who had been bullied at Yanchun City's Bajia Middle School, donated seven organs[568]. He was beaten to death due to school bullying; the injuries primarily affected his head, leaving him in a vegetative state, but all his other organs were healthy. This is truly chilling! Liao was struck a few times at school and ended up brain dead! It's terrifying; apart from the corneas, other organs must be transplanted while the person is still alive. How could it be that seven people were conveniently matched and able to undergo transplants in such a short time?
In June 2024, a 29-year-old man went to the trauma surgery department at Wuhan Tongji Hospital earlier this year and was diagnosed by doctors as "brain dead." Following this, the doctors persuaded his family to donate his organs. The patient's mother recounted on Weibo that medical records indicated her son had spontaneous breathing, yet the attending physician, Li Zhanfei, falsely claimed the patient was "brain dead." Without conducting all the necessary tests for "brain death," another doctor immediately urged the family to consent to organ donation[569].
There have been cases where individuals who donated blood shortly before experiencing an accident were declared brain dead by the hospital and subsequently donated their organs. There are suspicions that they may have been pre-matched as organ donors at the time of blood donation, or that the transplant hospital identified them as excellent potential donors, leading to their brain death. 18-year-old Lu Xiya is a 2022 graduate of Xidong Senior High School, and she participated in blood donation in the summer of 2022. on August 18, 2022, she was riding an electric bicycle when she suddenly felt a severe headache that caused her to crash into a guardrail on the side of the road, and she was declared brain dead 12 days later[570].
Some netizens have commented that after a series of accidents leading to brain death, young lives are said to "voluntarily donate organs," with successful matching occurring in a short time to save multiple lives. While this may seem touching, it is not an example of great love or mere coincidence; it is, in fact, organ harvesting. This represents the organized crime of "state-sponsored murder" that frequently occurs in CCP China[571].
Chapter 17: As Early As 2007, the Ministry of Education of the Chinese Communist Party Became a Collaborating Unit for Organ Donation
As early as 2007, the Ministry of Education[572] of the CCP China became a collaborating unit for organ donation. In the same year, the "First International Standard Organ Donation and Distribution System Joint Conference" was held in Guangzhou, hosted by the Ministry of Education[573]. This conference, co-hosted by the Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of the Ministry of Health, the Lions Clubs International, and the China Organ Donation and Distribution Alliance Hospitals, took place from January 20 to 22, 2007, in Guangzhou. About 200 participants, including clinical doctors engaged in organ transplantation, relevant legal professionals, and ethics researchers from across the country, attended the conference. In January 2010, the journal "Organ Transplantation" was launched, supervised by the Ministry of Education, organized by Sun Yat-sen University, and hosted by the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. It is a professional academic journal on organ transplantation, publicly available domestically and internationally[574].
According to a report from Radio Free Asia in November 2022, for over a month, Chinese news media have reported bizarre cases of missing adolescents in several provinces. These cases have sparked public speculation about the possibility that these youths' organs may have been harvested for transplantation[575]. Recently, Chinese media "cqcb.com" reported that a 15-year-old high school student, Hu Xinyu, mysteriously disappeared from Zhi Yuan Middle School in Yanshan County, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, on October 14. Police at the provincial, municipal, and county levels have all intervened in the investigation, but the individual has yet to be found. Furthermore, there have been multiple recent cases of missing primary and secondary school students in Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, and Zhejiang provinces, which have also sparked heated discussions among netizens. China has the largest number of surveillance cameras in the world, with various monitoring methods such as big data, facial recognition, health codes, and travel codes continuously emerging, yet incidents of youth disappearance still occur frequently.
A source revealed to The Epoch Times that informed officials within the Chinese Communist Party's system confirmed that Hu Xinyu, the high school student who went missing in Jiangxi Province, was indeed a victim of organ harvesting. "This is not a secret within the Jiangxi government." [576]
On December 9, 2023, an 18-year-old man named Zhang Xinwei from Guanyun County, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province went missing. Thirty-seven days later, his body was recovered from water on January 14. His family questioned the true cause of death and posted online seeking justice. People from across the country traveled to Guanyun County, but they were stopped by police stationed at the village entrance. The traffic department in Guanyun County also implemented traffic control measures. [577]
At the end of 2023, a video circulated online showing the father of a 15-year-old boy, Xie Changyang, from Shaanxi, posting banners on his car to seek justice. Xie had mysteriously disappeared four months before the Dragon Boat Festival in 2022, and his body was later found in the Wei River, headless and missing all four limbs, with both kidneys removed. At the time, some suspected that Xie Changyang might have been a victim of organ harvesting, similar to Hu Xinyu[578].
On December 16, 2023, Wang Yujie from Songtian College in Guangzhou, who had shown good health during his freshman physical examination, inexplicably collapsed in the classroom as he was about to graduate in his third year. Instead of being taken to the hospital for emergency treatment, he was directly sent to a crematorium for cremation. His parents strongly suspected that their child's organs had been removed, believing that the immediate cremation was an attempt to eliminate any evidence related to the case. [579]
The Tibetan Version of the Hu Xinyu Disappearance Case: A second-year female student named Tsai Zhong from Tibet University in Lhasa went missing after being detained by local police on December 26, 2023. Two weeks later, on January 15, 2024, her family learned that she had died mysteriously at the People's Hospital in Nyêmo County. The police claimed she had suddenly collapsed and that efforts to save her were unsuccessful. Netizens have stated that Tsai Zhong's bizarre death is drawing international attention. Many netizens suspect that "the dark claws of organ harvesting may have already reached the roof of the world (Tibet)," with the specter of organ harvesting spreading everywhere[580].
Statistics show that China's organ transplantation industry has experienced explosive growth since the persecution of Falun Gong began in 2000. The harvest of organs from ordinary Chinese citizens is an extension of the organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners.
Chapter 18: Organ Donation Price List Goes to Public to Conceal Source and Implicitly Encourage Crime
On June 8, 2021, seven departments including the National Health Commission and the National Development and Reform Commission of the Chinese Communist Party jointly issued the "Trial Measures for the Charges and Financial Management of Organ Procurement from Human Donations." They required provincial health administrative departments to publish a directory of charges for organ procurement and to establish a unified charging standard for organ donations across the province (autonomous region, or municipality).
In 2021, it was revealed that the Health Commission of Henan Province, in collaboration with six other departments, issued a notice clarifying the "charges and standards for organ procurement." Although the fees associated with organ procurement do not represent the "price" of the organs themselves, they reflect the corresponding costs and expenses incurred during the processes of organ evaluation, function maintenance, testing, preservation, and transportation.
According to this standard, the fees for organ procurement are as follows: the suggested price for an adult liver is 260,000 RMB, while for a child it is 100,000 RMB; the suggested price for a single adult kidney is 160,000 RMB, and for two kidneys, it is 230,000 RMB; the price for a heart is 100,000 RMB, and for a single cornea, it is 10,000 RMB. While organ donation is supposed to be voluntary and unpaid, the actual costs and expenses incurred during the processes of organ evaluation, function maintenance, testing, preservation, and transportation are very low. However, the publicly listed prices for donated organs are exceedingly high, making this a highly profitable business with no initial investment.
Some commentators believe that by clearly defining and publicizing these fees, it may serve as a price reference for illegal organ transplants and cause related crimes. This effectively legitimizes a large number of illegal organ transplants under the guise of regulating the so-called human organ donation market, from evaluation to harvesting to transportation, thereby obscuring the true source of the organs. It indirectly encourages more individuals to participate in illegal organ harvesting, illegal transplantation, and even kill-in-demand for organ procurement[581].
According to a report by Radio Free Asia in November 2021, Professor Yang Haiying from Shizuoka University in Japan stated that the organ pricing disclosed by the Henan Provincial Government has very serious problems. In a normal democratic country, such a situation would not occur: "The costs of organ removal and transplantation are included in the surgical fees. Now that the Chinese government has introduced pricing for organ procurement and transportation, it will lead to an increase in issues like intentional killings for organs, child abductions, and the murder of vulnerable groups, further undermining social stability. [582]"
Chapter 19: Briefing on WOIPFG’s Investigations into the Cover-up of Forced Organ Harvesting at CCP's Organ Black Market
World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) has discovered a contact number of a coordinator allegedly involved in operating a living organ bank within mainland China and is tracking this lead. The investigation revealed that the organ black market is another way the Chinese Communist Party seeks to cover up the crimes of live organ harvesting and the operation of a living organ bank.
The scale of the organ bank is extensive, involving many provinces and cities in China, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Henan, and Zhejiang. A large number of organs can be provided within 1 to 2 weeks and supplied to various parts of China. The contact person, Wang, stated, "We are everywhere across the country; you know, we can provide as much as you need. When you need it, it will be there." Regarding the waiting time for organ donors, he said, "For kidneys, one week is no problem; liver transplants can also be done, which would take about two weeks. Including transportation, it’s all within a week for both liver and kidneys." The primary source of donors is Falun Gong practitioners, and the practices of live organ harvesting are suspected to be spreading throughout society. The operating involves collusion among officials, police, large hospitals, and underground intermediaries in the organ black market for live organ harvesting. This report reveals preliminary investigation results for reference by concerned parties and justice advocates around the world.
After the exposure of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) crimes of harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners on March 9, 2006, the CCP publicly acknowledged the systematic use of organs from executed prisoners, attempting to deflect accusations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners. After 2010, the CCP began promoting citizen organ donation and reported on the black market for organ trafficking. On January 1, 2015, the CCP announced that it would no longer use organs from executed prisoners, claiming that all organs would come from citizen donations, thereby cloaking live organ harvesting in a veneer of legality and humanitarianism. In October 2015, Huang Jiefu declared that citizen organ donation had achieved great success, with organ transplant numbers reaching a historic high. However, none of the explanations provided by the CCP were transparent, traceable, or capable of explaining the continuous surge in organ transplant numbers across the country.
Since December 2017, with numerous questions in mind, WOIPFG has been tracking an organ contact person associated with Beijing Chaoyang Hospital and the Beijing Armed Police General Hospital. Preliminary findings suggest that the black market for organs is one way in which the CCP operates its living organ bank, serving as another scam to evade accusations of organ harvesting crimes.
Guiding Public Opinion to Focus on Black Market Organ Trafficking
Although the CCP explicitly states that selling organs is illegal, it still allows various trading information and reports about seeking and selling organs to circulate freely online, fostering an environment of rampant black market activity. This is in stark contrast to the CCP's usual practices of internet censorship and keyword filtering.
To direct attention, the CCP has superficially cracked down on a few black market intermediaries and reported on these actions prominently[583]. However, behind the scenes, it protects (or organizes) these super black intermediaries, allowing them to act as agents for the official living organ bank in organ trafficking.
Black Market Organ Donors Are Redirected by Police, Organ Trafficking Operates Underground
Organ donors are brought in by the police and government officials; police and officials participate in profit-sharing; organ trading is conducted behind the scene.
Investigator: The sources of these organs, they must be redirected by the police and officials, right? They bring some in, and they must get a commission, right?
Wang: Yes, that's right.
Investigator: So these people (Falun Gong practitioners) are coming in, and it's the police who are involved?
Wang: Not like that, we have to operate underground.
Wang: They do these things at night, and it has to be their own insiders involved.
Creating Fake Documentation
The CCP allows the proliferation of black market organ trading throughout society, condoning and sheltering the fabrication of organ donations. Various fake documents are used to disguise underground organ sales as family donations, reporting living donors as deceased, thereby concealing the true source of the organs.
Concealing Organ Transplant Volumes to Cover Up the Scale of Systematic Killing
Hospitals underreport or fail to report the number of transplant surgeries. The numbers reported by hospitals correspond to the targets given by the Ministry of Health each year, but hospitals can fabricate false documentation to misrepresent the same single target, allowing them to perform up to a dozen or more surgeries.
Wang: Handling the paperwork is crucial. Chaoyang Hospital has an annual target, which is set by the Ministry of Health or by the hospital itself. This so-called target is based on what is done through normal legal procedures in the hospital. For example, if they perform a procedure on someone named Wang, this is done legally with a donor who is brain-dead and has consented. After this patient, they then use that same paperwork to perform other surgeries under that name. So when we do it, it’s essentially impersonating (Investigator: Ah), using Wang's target to perform surgeries on other people.
It's like this: one person can have a maximum of over a dozen surgeries done under their name. Do you understand?
From this, we can tell that over ten thousand transplant cases reported annually by the CCP may only represent a fraction, perhaps one-tenth or less, of the actual number of transplants performed.
Faking Organ Donations
Using various fake documents, the sale of organs is disguised as family donations, with living donors reported as deceased, thus concealing the true source of the organs.
Deceiving Patients, Cover Up the Truth About Organ Sources and Mitigate Risks
The organ contact person named Wang described their experience, stating, "This is how it works at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. The hospital tells patients to come to us (the black market intermediaries). The hospital director tells the patient about the surgery, but says they don’t have a kidney source (providing the patient with information about organ intermediaries). Then we tell the patient to tell the director, ‘I have a kidney source, I have connections, I can get it.’ The director responds, ‘If you can get the organ, I’ll perform the surgery for you.’ In this way, even if the surgery is unsuccessful or something goes wrong, we’ve trapped the patient into the situation (taking the responsibility away from the hospital), you understand?"
The Source of Black Market Organs and Hospital Organ Sources Are the Same[584]
In the latest investigation by WOIPFG on December 2, 2018, Dr. Li, who was on duty in the urology department at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, admitted that the organs obtained by intermediaries are indeed the organs from Falun Gong practitioners, confirming that the source of their organs is the same with that of the hospitals. This evidence further supports the notion that black market organs are another method of the CCP's operation of live organ harvesting and a scam to evade accusations.
8. Example Recordings
Investigation Recording 263: Organ Bank – Contact Person Wang (Part 1)
(Playback and download MP3, complete recording details available in pdf 241)
Investigation Recording 264: Organ Bank – Contact Person Wang (Part 2)
(Playback and download MP3, complete recording details available in pdf 242)
Investigation Recording 265: Organ Bank – Contact Person Wang (Part 3)
(Playback and download MP3, complete recording details available in pdf 243)
Investigation Recording 266: Organ Bank – Contact Person Wang (Part 4)
(Playback and download MP3, complete recording details available in pdf 244)
Conclusion
Since 1999, the various chaotic phenomena in China's organ transplant industry, which emerged alongside the CCP's persecution of Falun Gong, are all part of the CCP's deception to cover up the state crime of live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners. No matter how the CCP tries to cover up, it cannot evade the international community's accusations regarding its crimes of harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners. The CCP's live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners not only continues, but the enormous profits from the organ harvesting industry have also incentivized its spread throughout society.
Reference:
1Xinhua Net: Huang Jiefu: Two months after stopping the use of organs from executed prisoners, citizens donated 937 organs. March 6, 2015, Beijing News https://archive.ph/wip/NRTwB
2Xinhua Net: June 29, 2018: "Wang Qishan appointed honorary president of the Chinese Red Cross"http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2018/06-29/8551399.shtml
3CCTV: Status of organ transplantation in China: The wealthy wait for organs; the poor give up. Source: China Youth Daily, December 22, 2016
[4]Beijing Red Cross has not yet conducted a report on human organ donation
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/105788
[5] On March 26, 2018, the "National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China" was renamed to "National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China."
Sohu: "National Health and Family Planning Commission" officially renamed to "National Health Commission," industry faces institutional reforms; how do experts and entrepreneurs view this? March 28, 2018
[6]National Health Commission verified List of medical institutions with qualifications for organ transplantation
[7]Xinhua Net: Experts: Reduction in sources of organs from executed prisoners will increase the number of patients waiting for treatment. September 3, 2013, Source: China Economic Weekly http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013-09/03/c_125305093.htm
WOIPFG archive link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/301.png
[8]China Organ Donation Management Center: December 2023
https://web.archive.org/web/20231231170631/https://www.codac.org.cn/
[9] Regulations On Human Organ Transplantation: After 16 Years, A Major Revision Emphasizes Full-Process Traceability and Regulatory Mechanisms. October 21, 2023, Source: Hongxing News
http://web.archive.org/web/20231024154326/
https://www.163.com/dy/article/IHJJTNQN051492T3.html
[10]Epoch Times: The CCP passes the organ transplantation draft, accused of "legalizing" live organ harvesting. October 22, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/10/22/n14100691.htm
[11]WOIPFG’s Investigation on the State Crime of Alleged Massive Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Summary), published on April 5, 2016, updated July 7, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/65694
[12] WOIPFG’s Ongoing Investigation of Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (6) – New evidence of CCP’s live organ harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[13]Xinhua Net: June 29, 2018: "Wang Qishan appointed honorary president of the Chinese Red Cross"
http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2018/06-29/8551399.shtml
[14]CCTV: Status of organ transplantation in China: The wealthy wait for organs; the poor give up. Source: China Youth Daily, December 22, 2016
[15]Xinhua Net: "Organ Donation and Transplantation" wins China's "Nobel Prize" in medicine https://web.archive.org/web/20181017041708/http://www.xinhuanet.com/health/2015-12/01/c_128485798.htm
December 1, 2015, 08:08:12, Source: Beijing News
[16] "China's organ donation and transplantation numbers rank second in the world. "
http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2017/8/384342.shtm
Source: China National Radio, Published: 2017/8/5 14:55:15
[17] "The number of organ donation registrations through “Love and Hope” exceeds 300,000"
Author: Zhang Siwei. Source: www.sciencenet.cn
Published: 2018/5/6 22:42:51
http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2018/5/411424.shtm?id=411424
[18] WOIPFG’s Investigation on the State Crime of Alleged Massive Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2006-2015)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/124628
[19]Beijing Red Cross has yet to conduct a survey on organ donations
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/105788
[20]"Ironclad Evidence" report download links:
Chinese Volume 1: https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/124628
Chinese Volume 2: https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/111433
English Volume 1: http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/458
English Volume 2: http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/455
E-book collection of investigative reports on hospitals implicated in the organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners (Volumes 1 to 13)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/138481
https://www.upholdjustice.org/node/644
[21] March 26, 2018, the official website of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China was renamed the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China.
Sohu: "The National Health and Family Planning Commission officially renamed the National Health Commission; the industry faces institutional reform. What do experts and entrepreneurs think?"
Published: 2018-03-28
[22]List of medical institutions with qualifications for organ transplantation from the National Health Commission of China
[23]Expert from Xinhua News: The reduction of organ sources from death-row inmates will increase the number of patients waiting for treatment
September 3, 2013
Source: China Economic Weekly http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013-09/03/c_125305093.htm
WOIPFG Archive link： http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/301.png
[24] China Red Cross: Praise Life, Share Gratitude - local Red Cross organizations conduct memorial activities for organ donation
April 11, 2023
https://archive.is/SFJ7k
[25]The Armed Police General Hospital remote website
Date: September 5, 2005
The 'Liver Transplant Recipient Rainbow Club' was established at the Armed Police General Hospital (photo)
https://web.archive.org/web/20160227031623/http://www.transplantation.org.cn/WuJingZongYiYuanKuaiXun/2005-09/217.htm
WOIPFG Archive link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_06250…
[26]Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 6)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[27]Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 6)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[28]Peking University Health Science Center Information Weekly
2013, Issue 21
December 3, 2013
Source: Peking University People's Hospital
"Hospital Dynamics: Peking University People's Hospital hosts the second training session for organ acquisition organizations and training on organ transplantation policies."
https://web.archive.org/web/20140418005944/http://dxb.bjmu.edu.cn/art/2013/12/3/art_12568_91407.html
[29]Interactive Encyclopedia: Peking University Organ Transplant Center
[30] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 4)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[31]Expert from Xinhua News: The reduction of organ sources from death-row inmates will increase the number of patients waiting for treatment
September 3, 2013
Source: China Economic Weekly
http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013-09/03/c_125305093.htm
WOIPFG Archive link：http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/301.png
[32]Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 5)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[33]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022
Published: October 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[34]"People.cn" Beijing Friendship Hospital (Tongzhou Campus) Phase II to Be in Operation in 2023
Date: December 1, 2021. Source: Beijing Youth Daily
[35]"Friendship Hospital Tongzhou Campus Trial Opening: Adding Crucial Medical Resources to the City Sub-center"
Author: Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital
Date Published: December 24, 2018
[36]"Red Cross Society of China: Over 2,700 Patients with Organ Failure Gained a New Life, Over 600 Patients with Eye Diseases Regained Sight"
Date: November 22, 2022
[37] New evidence on CCP’s live organ harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners: Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 6)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[38] Evidence Collection of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners
Published: September 11, 2013; Updated: March 2, 2015
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728
[39]Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 6)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[40]“China Organ Transplant Website”. “Shanghai Renji Hospital Organ Transplant Center’s Liver Transplant Team”. June 28, 2007. http://www.transplantation.org.cn/zjingtai/ZJiaoTongDaXueYiXueYuanFuShuRenJiYiYuan/1587.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC94.pdf
[41]Shanghai Jiaotong University’s School of Medicine’s publication “Looking up at the stars”. “Kind-hearted and smart, the impression of Xia Qiang, the ninth Chinese Physician Award winner and Director of Liver Surgery Department at Renji Hospital. July 4, 2014. http://www2.shsmu.edu.cn/default.php?mod=article&do=detail&tid=354467
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/624.png
[42]"Tan Jianming's Advanced Deeds"
People.cn
http://health.people.com.cn/n/2014/0604/c385611-25104541.html
WOIPFG’s archived link：http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/172.png
[43] BLOODY HARVEST: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China
Page 5
Date: February 25, 2007
Authors: David Matas and David Kilgour
http://organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131-ch.pdf
[44] "Tan Jianming's Advanced Deeds": People.cn
http://health.people.com.cn/n/2014/0604/c385611-25104541.html
https://archive.is/kfG6Q
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC60.pdf
[45]Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners
Time of investigation: July 2016 – June 2017
July 19, 2017 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[46]"Tencent News: Liver Transplant Surgeries Exceed 800 Cases! How Did This Surgical Team Achieve It?"
https://web.archive.org/web/20180621053148/https://new.qq.com/omn/20171229/20171229A10CVU.html
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC61.pdf
[47]Enrollment information: "Pediatric Liver Transplant Continuing Education Platform: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Renji Hospital, National Health Commission Training Base for Organ Transplant Surgeons (Liver Transplantation)"
Date: January 5, 2022
https://web.archive.org/web/20221220023841/https://www.ipltf.com/home/d…
[48] "Xinhua News: Talking about doctors - How Was their Benevolent Technique Achieved? – Renji Hospital Aiming for World-class Standards"
Date: November 29, 2022
https://web.archive.org/web/20221220023914/http://sh.news.cn/2022-11/29…
[49]"People.cn: 3,000 Cases! Renji Hospital Sets New Record for Pediatric Liver Transplants"
Date: October 25, 2022
https://web.archive.org/web/20221220023759/http://sh.people.com.cn/n2/2…
[50]Sina Shanghai: Renji Hospital Liver Transplant Surgery Doctors Work Through the Night, Unable to Leave the Hospital August 19, 2013 Source: Dongfang Net - Wen Hui Bao
http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/k/2013-08-19/085558296.html?from=sh_ydph
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/620.png
[51]China Technology Market Bao: Transplant Surgery Amplifies Hope for Life — A Profile of Liver Transplant Expert Shen Zhongyang and His Team from Tianjin January 6, 2015
http://epaper.jwb.com.cn/zjb/html/2015-01/06/content_1201384.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/306.png
[52]Sina Health: Founder of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wu Mengchao, Shares Secrets to Preventing Liver Disease and Longevity May 11, 2011
http://health.sina.com.cn/d/2011-05-11/145222445449.shtml (This version does not have a link online)
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/441. png
[53]Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital:: Hospital Introduction
https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010755/http://www.ehbh.cn/intro.php
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0709/018.pdf
[54]Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital:: Introduction to Special Treatment Department One
http://www.ehbh.cn/departments.php?section_id=3854
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_06190…
[55]Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital: Introduction to Liver Transplant Department
http://www.ehbh.cn/departments/?section_id=633
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_06190…
[56]Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital: Introduction to Hepatobiliary Department One
http://www.ehbh.cn/departments.php?section_id=3857
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/650.png
[57]Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital: Introduction to Hepatobiliary Department One
http://www.ehbh.cn/departments/?section_id=3860
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_06191…
[58]Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital:: Introduction to Hepatobiliary Department Three
http://www.ehbh.cn/departments/?section_id=3859
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_06191…
[59]Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital: Introduction to Hepatobiliary Department One: Introduction to Hepatobiliary Department Five
http://www.ehbh.cn/departments/?section_id=3861
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_061912.png
[60]Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery (Vol. 18, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 611-614)
“Clavien Classification of Biliary Complications After Liver Transplantation and Analysis of High-Risk Factors”
Authors: Yang Dejun, Zhang Haibin, Zhu Nan, Chen Wei, Wang Xiqiang, Yang Guangshun
(Department of Biliary Surgery 2, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433)
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_06191…
[61]Dongfang Net: Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital to Relocate to Jiading Anting, Double Bed Capacity August 15, 2015 Source: Xinmin Evening News
Author: Shi Jie, Edited by Li Jiamin
http://sh.eastday.com/m/20150815/u1ai8841164.html
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2015/59389_495.p…
http://www.upholdjustice.org/sites/default/files/report/2015/325-495.png
[62] Chinese Red Cross: Tianjin's 10th Anniversary of Human Organ Donation Awareness Campaign January 24, 2021
https://archive.is/prskO
[63] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 6)
Actual Donation Volumes Much Lower Than Transplant Volumes, Forced Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 - June 30, 2018 Publication Date: July 20, 2018
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[64] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 5)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[65]Tianjin Famous Doctors: Past Struggles and Efforts, Today’s Reconstruction of Glory — Renowned Transplant Expert Professor Shen Zhongyang
https://web.archive.org/web/20171210202329/http://www.cccm-em120.com/zhongxiyiguokan/cccm/pdf/2006-2/1昔日拼搏进取%20今日重建辉煌——著名移植学专家沈中阳教授.pdf
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0709/szy.pdf
[66]Sohu News: FEOSO Organ Transplant Center Inaugurated Yesterday
Date: September 2, 2006 Source: Tianjin Daily Network - Daily New Report Author: Xu Yang
http://news.sohu.com/20060902/n245125745.shtml (No link available in the online version)
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/503.png
[67]Enorth.com.cm: Tianjin First Central Hospital Date: June 25, 2014 Editor: Qu Lulin
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/497.png
[68]Tianjin First Central Hospital: Exploring Effective Myocardial Protection Pathways and Methods, Anesthesia Department’s Project Approved, Revealing Mechanism of Myocardial Injury During Liver Transplantation Perioperative Period
http://www.tj-fch.com/sitecn/magazineInfo.aspx?id=6413&cid=6358 (No link available in the online version)
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/504.png
[69]2014 High-Level Talent Recruitment at Tianjin First Central Hospital Release Date: March 17, 2014http://web.archive.org/web/20181101042005/http://www.tjwsj.gov.cn/html/WSJ/RCZP22891/2013-07-26/Detail_634471.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC47.pdf
[70]Tonight’s Media Group: Transplant Surgery Amplifies Hope for Life—A Profile of Tianjin Liver Transplant Expert Shen Zhongyang and His Team Date: January 6, 2015
http://epaper.jwb.com.cn/zjb/html/2015-01/06/content_1201384.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/433.png
[71]Evidence Collection of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners
Date: September 11, 2013, Updated March 2, 2015
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728
[72] New evidence: CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 6)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[73] Sohu News: Guangdong Completes 753 Organ Donations in 2022, Saving 19,000 Lives Over 13 Years
Date: March 2, 2023
[74]National Health Commission: List of 173 Organ Transplant Medical Institutions October 29, 2019
[75]Xin Kuai Bao: Zhongshan First Hospital Celebrates its 100th Anniversary
https://web.archive.org/web/20161110104634/http://www.ycwb.com/ePaper/xkb/html/2010-10/09/content_940841.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC62.pdf
[76] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 5)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[77] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 2)
The CCP continues large-scale live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners under the guise of "organ donation." Investigation Period: January to June 2016 Publication Date: July 15, 2016
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/67047
[78]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 October 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[79]WOIPFG Latest Investigation: CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners Has Not Stopped, but Increased
Date: November 27, 2015, Updated December 20, 2015 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/50795
[80] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 4)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[81] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 2)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/67047
[82] Report of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners (Volume 5)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[83] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For 2019 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[84] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For 2019 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[85] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For First Half of 2020 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/128615
[86] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For 2019 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[87] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For 2019 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[88] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For 2019 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[89]Southcn.com: New Year’s First Life Relay: A 7-Year-Old Saved Another 7-Year-Old
Date: January 2, 2021 Authors: Li Xiuting, Zhang Ziwan, Xu Hao https://archive.is/eu56d
[90]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[91]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[92]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[93]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[94]China Organ Transplant Development Report (2019): Official Release – Guangdong Has the Most Organ Transplant Medical Institutions in China
Date: December 20, 2020 Source: Yangcheng Evening News
https://web.archive.org/web/20221004191626/https://finance.eastmoney.co…
[95] Xinhua Net: Zhejiang Holds 2023 Human Organ Donation Remembrance and Memorial Event 2023/03/29
[96]WOIPFG archive
[97]Shulan Hospital: “Racing against time! Shulan Hospital completes 8 organ transplant operations within 20 hours.” https://zj.zjol.com.cn/news.html?id=638760
WOIPFG archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC30.pdf
[98] Sina Jiangsu Wuxi: Wuxi Lung Transplant Center Selected as Jiangsu Province Medical Innovation Center. October 13, 2022
[99] People: Dialogue with the Surgeon of the First COVID-19 Lung Transplant Case: The Lung Had Shrunk to the Consistency of Dried Tofu
Source: The Paper News March 4, 2020
http://web.archive.org/web/20201002200253/https://news.bioon.com/article/6751459.html
[100]Health Times Network: Performed 4 Lung Transplants on the Third Day of the Lunar New Year! Doctors Admit Lung Transplants Should Not Wait Until the Patient is Critical 2022-02-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20220912073557/http://www.jksb.com.cn/html/news/hospital/2022/0204/175133.html
[101]Wuxi New Media: Life Relay – "Transplant" Road to Hope — Wuxi People's Hospital Focuses on Transplant Care to Support Rebirth 2022-09-07
[102] Donate life 2022 ANNUAL UPDATE CELEBRATING 30 YEARS
https://donatelife.net/wp-content/uploads/2022_AnnualUpdate_Online.pdf
[103] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners 2015-2016 www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/69668
[104] Acute Liver Failure (ALF) Acute liver failure (ALF) ,University of California San Francisco https://transplant.surgery.ucsf.edu/conditions--procedures/acute-liver-failure-(alf).aspx
[105] 2006 Liver Transplant Report, WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/192.pdf
[106]Epoch Times: Official Website Highlights Organ Donation Numbers — Experts: The CCP Deceives the World 2022/09/24
http://cn.epochtimes.com/gb/22/9/23/n13831538.htm
[107]《OrganDonor.Gov》The Matching Process — Waiting List Source: U.S. Department of Health
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/57.png
[108] Gift of Life Donor Program The Wait List
http://web.archive.org/web/20231025231231/https://www.donors1.org/patie…
[109] National Organ Donation Management Center Data
http://web.archive.org/web/20231103122846/https://www.codac.org.cn/
[110]China Youth Online: China's Organ Donation – A Bumpy Road Date: December 21, 2016
[111]China Business Network: Huang Jiefu: 20 New Organ Transplant Hospitals to Be Added This Year, Increasing to 300 in Five Years. March 12, 2017
[112]China Youth Daily: Health Commission: China’s Organ Transplant Surgery Volume Was the Second Highest in the World in 2017https://archive.is/4f4rm
[113] China Organ Transplant Development Report (2015-2018)
[114]Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation: Analysis of the Current Status of Organ Donation and Transplantation Waiting Lists in China (2019)https://archive.is/W5U98
[115] Cross-Strait Medical and Health Exchange and Cooperation Network: Huang Jiefu: China’s Organ Donation and Transplantation Efforts Have Made Significant Progress 2022/06/13
[116] NetEase: China Organ Transplant Development Report Released 2022/06/17
[117]Cn.ChinaDaily: In the Last Two Years, Over 2 Million Volunteers Have Registered for Organ Donation in China 2022/12/10
https://archive.is/wip/KkrlN
[118]Cn.ChinaDaily: In the Last Two Years, Over 2 Million Volunteers Have Registered for Organ Donation in China 2022/12/10 https://archive.is/wip/KkrlN
[119]Sina News: In the First 10 Months of 2022, China Performed 17,141 Organ Transplants, a Nearly 10% Increase Year-on-Year 2022/12/09. https://archive.is/wip/D91lk
[120]DXY (dxy.cn): "The 2023 Annual Conference of the Chinese Society of Organ Transplantation Successfully Held at Xi'an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital" September 26, 2023
https://web.archive.org/web/20240411181404/https://y.dxy.cn/hospital/52…
[121]CCTV News: "The Number of Registered Voluntary Organ Donors in China Exceeds 6.65 Million"
January 12, 2024
https://web.archive.org/web/20240411181115/https://news.cctv.com/2024/0…
[122]Epoch Times: "DAFOH: Chinese Communist Organ Transplant Reform is Like a Murderer Destroying the Evidence"
Date: August 14, 2017
http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/17/8/13/n9525585.html
[123]National Organ Donation Management Center 2016 年 12 月https://web.archive.org/web/20170102221823/http://www.codac.org.cn/
[124]National Organ Donation Management Center 2017 年 12 月https://web.archive.org/web/20180308062857/http://codac.org.cn/
[125]National Organ Donation Management Center 2018 年 12 月https://web.archive.org/web/20181227225614/http://codac.org.cn/
[126]National Organ Donation Management Center 2019 年 12 月https://web.archive.org/web/20191227052046/http://codac.org.cn/
[127]National Organ Donation Management Center 2020 年 12 月https://web.archive.org/web/20201229071313/http://codac.org.cn/
[128]National Organ Donation Management Center 2021 年 12 月
https://web.archive.org/web/20211220144017/https://www.codac.org.cn/
[129]National Organ Donation Management Center 2022 年 11 月
https://web.archive.org/web/20220831163536/https://www.codac.org.cn/
National Organ Donation Management Center 2023 年 1 月
https://web.archive.org/web/20230104232651/https://www.codac.org.cn/
[130]National Organ Donation Management Center 2023 年 12 月
https://web.archive.org/web/20231231170631/https://www.codac.org.cn/
[131] Donate life 2022 ANNUAL UPDATE CELEBRATING 30 YEARS
https://donatelife.net/wp-content/uploads/2022_AnnualUpdate_Online.pdf
[132]WOIPFG: "Beijing Red Cross Has Yet to Conduct Investigation on Human Organ Donation"
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/105788
[133]Sohu: "Sixth 'Chinese Organ Donation Day' – Huangmei, 1,000 Medical Workers Sign Organ Donation Voluntary Pledge" Date: June 11, 2022
https://web.archive.org/web/20240401222012/https://www.sohu.com/a/55626…
[134] Epoch Times: "Third Generation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners Persecuted by CCP, Cao Wei Arrives in the United States" Date: December 13, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/12/12/n14135012.htm
[135]cqtresearch.com: "A Wuhan Girl’s Last Wish Touches Countless People, More and More Post-90s and Post-00s Applying for Organ Donation on Douyin"
Date: November 27, 2021 Source: Jimu News
[136] Epoch Times: "People Forced to ‘Voluntarily Donate Organs’—Experts: Covering up the Crime of Organ Harvesting" Date: November 20, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/11/20/n14120525.htm
[137]Xinhua News: "New Alipay Channel Added for Organ Donation Registration – Registration Takes Only 10 Seconds" Date: December 22, 2016
[138]Sohu: "Organ Donation Platform in China Sees Surge After Simplifying the Process, Donation Numbers in Two and a Half Days Equal to the Past Two Years" 2017-03-07
https://web.archive.org/web/20240401215341/https://www.sohu.com/a/12816…
[139]Sanlian Lifeweek: 2018 Issue 13
https://web.archive.org/web/20240401192940/https://abcdef0123456789.com…《三联生活周刊》%202012-2023/三联生活周刊2018/《三联生活周刊》2018年第13期.pdf
[140]Sohu: "Number of People Registering for Organ Donation Increased Nearly 10-Fold, Over 60% of Registrations from Alipay" 2019-06-11
https://web.archive.org/web/20240401193050/https://news.mydrivers.com/blog/20190611.htm
http://web.archive.org/web/20240401231115/https://www.sohu.com/a/319826558_509575
http://web.archive.org/web/20240401231117/https://news.mydrivers.com/1/…
[141]Sound of Hope: "So Terrifying! Life-and-Death Matter! Check Your Alipay Binding Information (Video)"
Date: March 29, 2024
https://www.soundofhope.org/post/803296
[142] X Snapshot
[143]Chinese Red Cross: "Introduction to the Work of Body and Organ Donation"
Date: April 29, 2008
[144]Southern Metropolis Network: "90% of Doctors Still Do Not Understand Brain Death; Huang Jiefu Believes Legislative Conditions Are Not Yet Mature" 2013-03-07
[145]Face to Face: 20130714 Huang Jiefu: The Dilemma of Organ Donation
Date: July 14, 2013 [Source: CCTV]
http://web.archive.org/web/20180303073808/http:/news.cntv.cn/2013/07/14…
[146]Epoch Times: "New Report: The Chinese Communist Party Continues to Harvest Organs Under the Guise of Reform"
Date: July 10, 2018https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/18/7/10/n10552303.htm
[147] China National Radio (CNR): "China Fully Halts the Use of Organs from Death Row Inmates for Transplantation"
Date: January 1, 2015
[148]Tencent: "China's Organ Donation: Ten Years in the Making"
[149] Guangmingwang: Guang Ming Daily "Multiple Obstacles Remain for Organ Donation"
Date: September 3, 2013 https://archive.is/4XrRr
[150]China Youth Online: "Organ Donation in China Faces Uncertainty" Date: December 21, 2016
[151]Sohu News: "Huang Jiefu: The Idea Whether Death Row Inmates Can Donate Organs is a False Premise"
Date: November 23, 2015 [Source: ynet.com] Author: Sun Jing
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/300.png
[152] Central Government Portal: "Interview with Huang Jiefu, Standing Committee Member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), Chairman of the Chinese Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee"
Date: March 2, 2015 [Source: Xinhua News] www.gov.cn
[153]Phoenix TV: "Huang Jiefu: Five Systems of Organ Donation are Open and Transparent, Allowing the Public to Also Benefit from Resources" Date: March 25, 2017
[154]Face to Face: 20130714Huang Jiefu: The Dilemma of Organ Donation
Date: July 14, 2013 [Source: CCTV]
http://web.archive.org/web/20180303073808/http:/news.cntv.cn/2013/07/14…
[155]Face to Face: 20130714Huang Jiefu: The Dilemma of Organ Donation
Date: July 14, 2013 [Source: CCTV]
http://web.archive.org/web/20180303073808/http:/news.cntv.cn/2013/07/14…
[156]Beijing Youth Daily: "Huang Jiefu, Chairman of the National Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, to Receive the Gusi Peace Prize Today" Huang Jiefu: “The Idea Whether Death Row Inmates Can Donate Organs is a False Premise"
Date: November 23, 2015
[157]Beijing Youth Daily: "Huang Jiefu, Chairman of the National Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, to Receive the Gusi Peace Prize Today" Huang Jiefu: “The Idea Whether Death Row Inmates Can Donate Organs is a False Premise"
Date: November 23, 2015
[158]People’s Daily Online - China Economic Weekly: "Red Cross Responds to Rumors of Disputes Over Organ Donation: Previously Commissioned by the Ministry of Health" Date: April 22, 2014
[159] China Red Cross - China Organ Donation Management Center: "Introduction to the Center"
Date: December 23, 2016 https://archive.is/Wid0W
[160]Southern Metropolis Network: "90% of Doctors Still Do Not Understand Brain Death; Huang Jiefu Believes Legislative Conditions Are Not Yet Mature" 2013-03-07
[161]Epoch Times: "New Organ Regulations Released by CCP, Experts Expose the Cover-up of the Truth Behind Organ Sourcing"
Date: December 15, 2023 https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/12/15/n14137013.htm
[162]Xin Kuai Bao: "Guangdong Red Cross First Publishes Details of Organ Donation Distribution"
Date: August 13, 2013
[163] The Beijing News: Human Intervention in Organ Distribution Sparks Debate Over Interests (1)
“Two-thirds of the organs have not entered the Ministry of Health's system for distribution. Local Red Cross organizations are controlling organ donation resources, directing donations to transplant hospitals, and not disclosing the funds involved.”
Date: July 8, 2013https://archive.is/9i7Ll
[164] Radio Free Asia: "Hospital Donations are Required for Organ Distribution? Chinese Red Cross in Another Scandal"
Date: July 9, 2013
https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shehui/aw-07092013151216.html
[165] Epoch Times: "Suspicious Sourcing of Organs: CCP’s Official Media Exposes Red Cross’s Hidden Control of Organ Donations"
Date: July 9, 2013
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/13/7/9/n3912103.htm
[166]Epoch Times: "Jiangxi Organ Donation Official Sentenced, Dark Secrets Hidden Behind the Case"
Date: May 24, 2018https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/18/5/23/n10421534.htm
[167] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (1) The CCP's Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners Has Not Stopped, but Has Increased
Investigation Period: January to December 2015
Publication Date: November 27, 2015
Update: December 27, 2015
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/50795
[168] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2) The CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from Falun Gong Practitioners in Large Numbers Under the Guise of "Organ Donation"
Investigation Period: January to June 2016
Publication Date: July 15, 2016
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/67047
[169] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2) The CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from Falun Gong Practitioners in Large Numbers Under the Guise of "Organ Donation"
Investigation Period: January to June 2016
Publication Date: July 15, 2016
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/67047
[170] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[171] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[172] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[173] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[174] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[175] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[176] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[177] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) Organ Transplant Volumes Are Still Large, Waiting Times Are Short, but Organ Donations Are Rare, and the Sources of Organs Are Unknown
Investigation Period: July to September 2017
Publication Date: October 17, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[178] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[179] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[180] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[181]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[182]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[183]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[184]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[185]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[186]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[187]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[188]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[189]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[190]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[191]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[192]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[193]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[194]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[195]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[196]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[197] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[198] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[199] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[200] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[201] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[202] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[203] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[204] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[205] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[206] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[207] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[208]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[209]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[210]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[211] The Epoch Times [Exclusive] Internal Documents Expose the CCP's Seven Sins in Organ Transplantation
The CCP’s COTRS System Exposes Itself: Frequent Chaos in China's Organ Transplant Sector (Part 1)
July 3, 2020
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/20/6/16/n12190627.htm
[212] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) Organ Transplant Volumes Are Still Large, Waiting Times Are Short, but Organ Donations Are Rare, and the Sources of Organs Are Unknown
Investigation Period: July to September 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[213] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[214] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[215] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[216]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[217]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5)
Publication Date: July 20, 2018https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[218] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[219] China Organ Transplant Development Foundation
Breaking News! COTRS Scientific Committee Established
[220]People.cn: China Will Stop Using Organs from Death Row Inmates Starting January 1, 2015
December 4, 2014. Source: The Beijing News
[221]People.cn: National Health and Family Planning Commission: Organ Allocation Response System Will Be Mandatory Starting September 1
August 2013. https://archive.ph/wip/D2jDx
[222]Sohu News: Human Intervention in Organ Distribution Sparks Debate Over Interests (2) (Photos)
July 8, 2013 Source: The Beijing News
[223]The Epoch Times: 83 CCP Medical Officials Arrested, International Attention on the Crime of Live Organ Harvesting September 9, 2022
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/22/9/9/n13820716.htm
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics “Cases Abusing Brain Death Definition in Organ Procurement in China”
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2022
Volume 31 Issue 3
Norbert W. Paul Kirk C. Allison and Huige Li
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthca…
[224] The Epoch Times [Exclusive] Internal Documents Expose the CCP's Seven Sins in Organ Transplantation
The CCP’s COTRS System Exposes Itself: Frequent Chaos in China's Organ Transplant Sector (Part 1)
July 3, 2020
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/20/6/16/n12190627.htm
[225] The Epoch Times [Exclusive] Internal Documents Expose the CCP's Seven Sins in Organ Transplantation
The CCP’s COTRS System Exposes Itself: Frequent Chaos in China's Organ Transplant Sector (Part 2)
July 5, 2020
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/20/7/1/n12223286.htm
[226]People.cn: National Health and Family Planning Commission: Organ Allocation Response System Will Be Mandatory Starting September 1
August 2013
[227]WOIPFG. “A WOIPFG Investigation Report on the Chinese Communist Party’s Ongoing Crime of Live Organ Harvesting against Falun Dafa Practitioners.” July 19, 2017. https://www.upholdjustice.org/node/389
[228]WOIPFG. “A WOIPFG Investigation Report on the Chinese Communist Party’s Ongoing Crime of Live Organ Harvesting against Falun Dafa Practitioners.” July 19, 2017. https://www.upholdjustice.org/node/389
[229]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (IV).” October 17, 2017. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[230]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[231]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (IV).” October 17, 2017. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[232]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (IV).” October 17, 2017. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[233]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5)
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[234]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[235]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[236]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[237]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[238]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[239]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[240]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[241]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[242]Investigation Report: Beijing Red Cross Society Has Not Carried Out Human Organ Donations So Far
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/105788
[243]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[244]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[245]People.cn:"China's First Successful Heart Donation and Transplant—The Donor Was China’s 18th Brain Death Organ Donor"
July 11, 2006
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/22.png
[246]Tencent News August 22, 2014: "China's Legal Vacuum on Brain Death: 90% of Doctors Are Unclear About Diagnosis Standards"
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/10.png
[247] Paper Title: Revised Guidelines for Brain Death Diagnosis Standards (Adult Version)
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/2.pdf
[248] Paper Title: Brain Death Diagnosis Standards and Technical Specifications (Adult Quality Control Version)
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/3.pdf
[249] National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China Brain Injury Quality Control and Evaluation Center, Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurological Intensive Care Collaboration Group, Neurology Section of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurological Intensive Care Subcommittee.
"Chinese Adult Brain Death Diagnosis Standards and Operational Guidelines (2nd Edition)"
Chinese Medical Journal, 2019, 99(17): 1288-1292. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2019.17.003.
[250] Su Yingying "Current Status and Progress of Brain Death Diagnosis in China"
Chinese Medical Journal, 2021, 101(23): 1721-1724. DOI: 6jrwplow45/5296239.
[251]National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China Brain Injury Quality Control and Evaluation Center, Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurological Intensive Care Collaboration Group, Neurology Section of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurological Intensive Care Subcommittee. Brain Death Diagnosis Implementation and Management: Expert Guidelines (2021)
Chinese Medical Journal, 2021, 101(23): 1766-1771. DOI: 7j6wlqo040/5296242.
[252] Official Website of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/4.png
[253] Baike.baidu.com: "Warm Ischemia Time"
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/5.png
[254]Du Shi Kuai Bao: January 14, 2013
"19 People Donated Organs, Changing the Fate of 53"
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/6.png
[255]people.cn: "Organ Donation Faces Challenges: Hot on Both Ends, Cold in the Middle, Restricted by Death Standards" February 23, 2012
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/7.png
[256]Medical Science Education Network: "Brain Death Diagnosis Technical Specifications" Has Been Approved by Experts [Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Discussion Edition]
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/8.png
[257]Xinhua News: "Ministry of Health Organ Transplant Center to Open in October"
August 13, 2005
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/9.png
[258] Tencent News August 22, 2014: "China's Legal Vacuum on Brain Death: 90% of Doctors Are Unclear About Diagnosis Standards"
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/10.png
[259] Sohu News: Vice Minister of the Ministry of Health, Huang Jiefu: Transplanting Organs from Brain-Dead Donors is Illegal November 15, 2006
[260]Chinese Medical Journal, Volume 84, Issue 2, January 17, 2004, Pages 89-92
Title: On Voluntary and Unpaid Organ Donation and Brain Death Legislation
Authors: Chen Zhonghua, Yuan Jin
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/medicalarticles/11.pdf
[261] Southern Metropolis Network: "90% of Doctors Still Do Not Understand Brain Death; Huang Jiefu Believes Legislative Conditions Are Not Yet Mature" 2013-03-07
[262] China News Service: Huang Jiefu Talks About Doctor Shortage: 70% of Lung Transplants Are Performed by a Single Doctor March 9, 2017 Source: Beijing Youth Daily
[263]China Business Network: Huang Jiefu: 20 New Organ Transplant Hospitals to Be Added This Year, Increasing to 300 in Five Years. March 12, 2017 Ma Xiaohua
[264]Guidelines for Lung Transplant Donor Standards and Acquisition, Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation, 2018, Vol.9. No 5， 326-333 Author: Chen Jingyu
[265] Li Xiaoshan: A Survey on Public Attitudes Toward Brain Death Legislation
Organ Transplantation Journal, 2020, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 87-92
[266]The Epoch Times: Revealing the CCP’s “Vertical Evidence Chain” of Organ Harvesting from Live Falun Gong Practitioners Author: Zhao Ri
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/20/3/23/n11967530.htm
[267] Guangmingwang - Guangming Daily: Organ Donation Still Faces Many Obstacles 2013-09-03
[268] Sohu Health:Li Leishi: Organ Donation After Death Is Theoretically Possible, But Difficult to Achieve in Reality November 27, 2008
[269] Chinese Medical Journal, 2021, Vol. 101 (36), Pages 2831-2834 Zhu Youhua: From the Current State of Organ Donation Development in China, Legislation on Brain Death Is Inevitable
September 28, 2021
[270] WOIPFG: Evidence in Medical Papers from Mainland China Regarding the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners (Updated Version)
First Published: September 25, 2014, Updated: January 2, 2016
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/64179
[271] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (6)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[272] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (6)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[273] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[274] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[275] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[276]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Year 2023 Apr 15, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/139060
[277]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[278] 《The Epoch Times:Involved in Organ Harvesting: CCP Lung Transplant Expert Carelessly Leaks Information
May 22, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/5/22/n14001686.htm
[279] Cheng Jingyu’s Weibo
[280] Minghui.org : Analysis on the “Vertical Evidence Chain” of Organ Harvesting from Live Falun Gong Practitioners Author: Zhao Ri Updated: Mar 23, 2020
https://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2020/3/23/%E6%B4%BB%E6%91%98%E5%99%…
[281] China’s Heart Death Organ Donation Guidelines (2nd Edition)
Chinese Society of Organ Transplantation, Subcommittee on Organ Donation
https://web.archive.org/web/20190711174547/http://www.cccm-em120.com/qiguanyizhiguokan/1/9.pdf
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC55.pdf
[282]A master’s thesis from Guangzhou Medical University in May 2013: “The research of organ procurement after DBCD applying ECMO”. Master’s degree student: Zhong Jie. Instructor: Professor Huo Feng.
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC97.pdf
[283]“Extracorporeal membrane pulmonary oxygen (ECMO) application in protecting donor organs in a case of brain death combined with accidental cardiac arrest”. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation magazine, June 2015, Volume 36, Issue 6. www.doctorpda.cn/news/191481
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC48.pdf
[284]“Clinical analysis of 62 cases of liver transplantation with organs donated by citizens after death. The official website of Chinese Medical Association’s core periodical “Chinese Archives of General Surgery (Electronic Edition)” www.pwwxcma.com
“Chinese Archives of General Surgery (Electronic Edition)”. October 2016, Vol., No.5 www.pwwxcma.com/Admin/UploadFile/Issue/gqmpcdvw.pdf
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC49.pdf
[285]“A study of the causes, diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications after orthotopic Liver transplantation with organs from donors of cardiac death”. Journal of Nanjing Medical University. July 2017, Volume 37, Issue 7.
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC45.pdf
[286]“Liver quality assessment and maintenance experiences of organs donated by citizens after death.” Authors: Fu Binsheng, Yi Shuhong, Tang Hui, Yi Huimin, Meng Wei, Zhang Tong, Jiang Nan, Li Hua, Yang Yang, Chen Guihua. Source journal: Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation, 2016, Issue 3. www.cqvip.com/main/export.aspx?id=669284955&sign=f0528e7a6291408fd6a08d329dabddaa
WOIPFG’s archived link:http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC58.pdf
[287]“Clinical effect analysis of 31 cases of organ donations by citizens after death for liver transplantation.” Authors: Lan Liugen, Qin Ke, Dong Jianhui, Huang Ying, Cao Song, Li Haibin, Li Zhuangjiang, Zhou Jiehui, Sun Yuyong. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation’s official website. www.xml-data.org/qgyz/html/20150508.html
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC50.pdf
[288] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[289] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[290] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[291] Application Technology Network: Patent for Primary Brainstem Injury Impact Machine
Patent Number: 201120542042
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/10831.pdf
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/10832.png
[292]“Kill to Live”
TV Chosun, South Korea's Largest Daily Newspaper Chosun Ilbo TV Channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2LqZAfR_ZE
[293] Caixin Weekly: Independent Organ Procurement Starts October 16, 2012
[294] Chinese Organ Donation Volunteer Registration Network:
Describes the Composition and Responsibilities of Organ Procurement Organizations
https://web.archive.org/web/20151114045418/http://savelife.org.cn/organ…
[295]People.cn - Hubei Channel: "China Human Organ Procurement Organization Alliance Announced Establishment in Wuhan" November 25, 2014
https://web.archive.org/web/20160821192403/http://hb.people.com.cn/n/2014/1125/c194063-23001645.html
[296]Today Nurses:
Vice Minister of Health successfully Performs First Autologous Liver Transplant Surgery in Xinjiang
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_0301…
[297]Phoenix Magazine Online: "The Dark Secrets in Human Organs Trafficking in China"
Phoenix Weekly Magazine Online November 5, 2013
http://www.51fenghuang.com/news/shehui/2514.html
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/274.png
[298]“I Will Be the First in Bowing to Donors”
Source: Guangzhou Daily March 13, 2013, A6 Page
http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/html/2013-03/13/content_2178697.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20130512044027/http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/htm…
[299]WOIPFG’s Investigation on the State Crime of Alleged Massive Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2015-2020)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/111433
[300]WOIPFG Investigation Report on Dr. Zheng Shusen, Director of Hangzhou Shulan Hospital, for Suspected Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners August 31, 2019
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/122790
[301]Social Service Network of Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University
http://shfw.xy3yy.com/xymy/414.html
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC39.pdf
[302]Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University - Hospital Bulletin, Issue 9
"Towards the Ideal Kingdom of Transplant Medicine: Director Huang Zufa's Discussion on the Development of Transplant Medicine"
http://www.xy3yy.com/nyygj/yb09-21.html
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/233.png
[303]Public Health Newspaper:
Domestic and International Experts Gather in Changsha for the Imminent Launch of Organ Transplant Law
2003-09-24
http://hunan.voc.com.cn/gb/content/2003-09/24/content_2146397.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/579.png
[304]WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, and Its Personnel Suspected of Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/132068
[305] WOIPFG Release: Investigation List of 2,096 Medical Personnel from 103 CCP Military and Armed Police Hospitals Suspected of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
October 28, 2014 (Updated on July 10, 2016)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45100
WOIPFG Release: Investigation List of 7,423 Medical Personnel from 788 Non-Military Medical Institutions in China Suspected of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
December 5, 2014
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45570
[306]WOIPFG:Direct Evidence of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners: A National Crime of Group Genocide September 14, 2019
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/123241
[307]China Organ Donation Network, reposted from People.cn: "China’s First Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) Listed" July 11, 2011
http://www.organdonation.org.cn/ZZC/2011-07/5811.htm
Archive link：https://web.archive.org/save/http://www.organdonation.org.cn/ZZC/2011-07/5811.htm
[308]Sina.com, reposted from Beijing News:
" Gang Removes 23 Donor Kidneys for Sale; Kidneys Airlifted Under Seafood Pretense"
August 10, 2014
http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2014-08-10/023930659549.shtml
Archive link
https://web.archive.org/web/20140811232318/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/20…
[309]WOIPFG: Special Collection of Evidence on the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728#_Toc366574834
[310]Tencent.com, reposted from Financial Magazine:
Cover Story: "Where Do Organs Come From?" September 1, 2009
http://news.qq.com/a/20091107/000800.htm
Archived link: http://archive.is/HHEc8
[311]The Epoch Times: "Disregarding the Unknown Source of Organs in Mainland China, Hong Kong Officials Still Hope to Integrate into the Mainland System" December 21, 2022
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/22/12/21/n13888806.htm
[312]QQ News: "The Dark Secrets of Hospitals Selling Kidneys from Farmed Live Donors" August 11, 2014
http://view.news.qq.com/a/20140811/014583.htm
Archived link: http://archive.is/FWar7
[313]The Paper: "Huaiyuan Illegal Organ Harvesting Case Judgment: Involving 11 Deceased, 4 Doctors Convicted of Corpse Destruction" – November 26, 2020
[314]QQ News: "These 4 Doctors Won't Spare Even the Dead!"
[315]The Paper: "Huaiyuan Illegal Organ Harvesting Case Judgment: Involving 11 Deceased, 4 Doctors Convicted of Corpse Destruction" – November 26, 2020
[316]The Paper: "Huaiyuan Illegal Organ Harvesting Case Judgment: Involving 11 Deceased, 4 Doctors Convicted of Corpse Destruction" – November 26, 2020
[317]QQ News: "These 4 Doctors Won't Spare Even the Dead!"
[318]The Paper: "Huaiyuan Illegal Organ Harvesting Case Judgment: Involving 11 Deceased, 4 Doctors Convicted of Corpse Destruction" – November 26, 2020
[319] Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation: "Expert Consensus on the Guidelines for the Construction of Organ Procurement Organizations (OPO) at the Hospital Level" - Chinese Medical Association Organ Transplantation Branch, 2018, 39(3): 171-173
[320] Face to Face: 20130714 Huang Jiefu: The Dilemma of Organ Donation
Date: July 14, 2013 [Source: CCTV]
https://web.archive.org/web/20180303073808/http:/news.cntv.cn/2013/07/1…
[321] WOIPFG Release: Investigation List of 2,096 Medical Personnel from 103 CCP Military and Armed Police Hospitals Suspected of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
October 28, 2014 (Updated on July 10, 2016)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45100
WOIPFG Release: Investigation List of 7,423 Medical Personnel from 788 Non-Military Medical Institutions in China Suspected of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
December 5, 2014
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45570
[322]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[323] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[324] Zhengjian.org: "A In-depth Analysis of the 'Chinese Model' of Organ Donation and Transplantation"
https://www.zhengjian.org/node/246538
[325]Sohu News: "Huang Jiefu: Tense Doctor-Patient Relationship May Worsen Over-Medicalization"
March 8, 2017 https://archive.ph/vdknn
[326] Dingxiang (DXY) Doctor: "Would You Be Willing to Donate Organs?" "Go Away!"
[327]CCTV News: "Getting Close to Organ Donation Coordinators: The 'Ferrymen' Between Life and Death" – China News Service, January 3, 2020
https://archive.ph/I3tJE
[328]Guangmingwang: Guang Ming Daily "Multiple Obstacles Remain for Organ Donation"
Date: September 3, 2013 https://archive.is/4XrRr
[329]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[330]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[331]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[332] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[333] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[334] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[335] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[336] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[337] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[338]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[339]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[340]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[341]The Epoch Times: "Organ Donation Coordinator Exposes the Dark Secrets of 'Voluntary Donation' (Part 1)"
April 14, 2021
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/21/4/14/n12878830.htm
[342]The Epoch Times: "Organ Coordinator Exposes the Profit Distribution of 1.45 Million in Transplant Fees (Part 2)" April 21, 2021
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/21/4/21/n12894547.htm
[343]The Epoch Times: "Organ Coordinator Witnesses Donor Convulsing During Organ Harvesting (Part 3)"
April 28, 2021
http://cn.epochtimes.com/gb/21/4/22/n12898622.htm
[344]The Epoch Times: "Family of Brain-Dead Donors in China Donated Organs, Victims Claim: 'We Were Forced to Donate" – December 2, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/12/1/n14128126.htm
[345] Organ Donation Statistics by U.S. Government Information on Organ Donation and Transplantation https://organdonor.gov/statistics-stories/statistics.html#glance
[346]“Last year, China completed 16,000 major organ donations.” May, 5, 2018. Sources: Beijing News, Xinhua News Agency. www.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/05/c_1122786122.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC51.pdf
[347]“Heart transplants: a hope to 4.5 million patients with heart failure.” March 1, 2018. Sources: Health Times, Xinhua News Net. https://www.cn-healthcare.com/article/20180301/content-500838.html
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC53.pdf
[348]The Newspaper for China’s Physicians: "96.4% - Organ Donation Utilization Rate Hits a New High in China" – December 29, 2022
[349]The Newspaper for China’s Physicians: "96.4% - Organ Donation Utilization Rate Hits a New High in China" – December 29, 2022
[350]“Report: an analysis of the prevalence rate of chronic liver diseases in China in 2017”. July 31, 2017. Sohu.com. www.sohu.com/a/160483537_576647
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC54.pdf
[351]Oriental Daily. “Hong Kong plans to perform the world’s first liver transplant with a hepatitis B donor.” https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20140422/00176_064.html
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC56.pdf
[352]“The prevalence rate of nephropathy in China has reached 13%; most patients would die waiting for donor organs.” March 09, 2012. Sources: Xinhua Daily, China News. www.chinanews.com/jk/2012/03-09/3730125.shtml
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC112.pdf
[353]Hong Kong to Attempt the World’s First Hepatitis B Liver Transplant orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20140422/00176_064.html
WOIPFG Archive: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC56.pdf
[354]The Epoch Times [Exclusive] Internal Documents Expose the CCP's Seven Sins in Organ Transplantation
The CCP’s COTRS System Exposes Itself: Frequent Chaos in China's Organ Transplant Sector (Part 2)
July 3, 2020
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/20/7/1/n12223286.htm
[355]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (1) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/50795
[356]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[357]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[358] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[359]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[360]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[361]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[362]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[363]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[364]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[365]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[366]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[367]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[368]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[369]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[370]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[371]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[372]Sohu News: Human Intervention in Organ Distribution Sparks Debate Over Interests (2) (Photos)
July 8, 2013 Source: The Beijing News https://archive.is/7zwWl
[373] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2) The CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from Falun Gong Practitioners in Large Numbers Under the Guise of "Organ Donation"
Investigation Period: January to June 2016
Publication Date: July 15, 2016
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/67047
[374] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2) The CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from Falun Gong Practitioners in Large Numbers Under the Guise of "Organ Donation"
Investigation Period: January to June 2016
Publication Date: July 15, 2016
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/67047
[375] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[376] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) The CCP Uses "Brain Death" and the Online Organ Response System to Conceal the Harvesting of Organs. Free Liver Transplants are Again Being Promoted!
Investigation Period: July 2016 to June 2017
Publication Date: July 19, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[377] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) Organ Transplant Volumes Are Still Large, Waiting Times Are Short, but Organ Donations Are Rare, and the Sources of Organs Are Unknown
Investigation Period: July to September 2017
Publication Date: October 17, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[378] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) Organ Transplant Volumes Are Still Large, Waiting Times Are Short, but Organ Donations Are Rare, and the Sources of Organs Are Unknown
Investigation Period: July to September 2017
Publication Date: October 17, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[379] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) Organ Transplant Volumes Are Still Large, Waiting Times Are Short, but Organ Donations Are Rare, and the Sources of Organs Are Unknown
Investigation Period: July to September 2017
Publication Date: October 17, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[380] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) Organ Transplant Volumes Are Still Large, Waiting Times Are Short, but Organ Donations Are Rare, and the Sources of Organs Are Unknown
Investigation Period: July to September 2017
Publication Date: October 17, 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[381] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[382] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[383] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period January to June of Year 2020 Jul 20, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/128615
[384] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period January to June of Year 2020 Jul 20, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/128615
[385] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[386] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[387] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[388]NTD TV: "Whistleblower Letter from Guangdong Prison Exposes the CCP’s Shocking Organ Harvesting Dark Secrets"
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/2015/03/23/a1186297.html
[389] Trial Measures for the Charges and Financial Management of Organ Procurement from Human Donations.
Release Date: Jul 13, 2021 National Health Commission Department of Medicine
[390] Sina News: "Liver Transplant Patients Required to Pay 'Liver Source Fee' Before Surgery? Health Commission: Proof of Charges Should Be Provided as Per Regulations" – Source: The Beijing News, August 15, 2023
[391] Sina News: "Liver Transplant Patients Required to Pay 'Liver Source Fee' Before Surgery? Health Commission: Proof of Charges Should Be Provided as Per Regulations" – Source: The Beijing News, August 15, 2023
[392]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[393]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[394]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[395]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (4) Organ Transplant Volumes Are Still Large, Waiting Times Are Short, but Organ Donations Are Rare, and the Sources of Organs Are Unknown
Investigation Period: July to September 2017
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[396]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[397]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[398] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (5) The Actual Number of Organ Donations is Far Less than the Number of Transplants, and Live Organ Harvesting Continues
Investigation Period: October 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018
Publication Date: July 20, 2018https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[399]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[400]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[401]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[402]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[403]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[404]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[405]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[406]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[407]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[408]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[409]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[410]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
Mar 1, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[411]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period Jan - Jun 2020 July 30, 2020
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/128615
[412] Donate life 2022 ANNUAL UPDATE CELEBRATING 30 YEARS
https://donatelife.net/wp-content/uploads/2022_AnnualUpdate_Online.pdf
[413]《OrganDonor.Gov》The Matching Process — Waiting List Source: U.S. Department of Health
WOIPFG archive：http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/57.png
[414]Sina Jiangsu Wuxi: "Wuxi Lung Transplant Center Selected as Jiangsu Province Medical Innovation Center"
October 13, 2022
[415]China’s First Lung Transplant Recipient and His Dream of a Global Lung Transplant Platform – Tian Dongliang, July 19, 2021
https://web.archive.org/web/20221219035128/https://www.rccrc.cn/article…
[416] Chen Jingyu’s Weibo
https://weibo.com/u/2507788061
[417]Yangtse Evening Post: "Zheng Mingfeng: A Director of Thoracic Surgery More Willing to Be a 'Manager'"
November 7, 2019
[418] Zhengzhou University: "Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital Completes Three Emergency Lung Transplant Surgeries Within 24 Hours" – April 16, 2020
[419]Sina Finance: "'Saving Lives is the Priority'! The Medical Team at Jilin University First Hospital Completes Four Liver Transplant Surgeries in Four Days" – December 25, 2022
[420]Sina Fujian: Two Emergency Heart Transplant Patients Celebrate the New Year in Xiamen – February 8, 2022
https://archive.is/mHRGc
[421]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Latest Investigation Results: in the Name of ‘Organ Donation’, CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from a Large Number of Living Falun Gong Practitioners.” July 15, 2016. http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/358
[422]WOIPFG. “A WOIPFG Investigation Report on the Chinese Communist Party’s Ongoing Crime of Live Organ Harvesting against Falun Dafa Practitioners.” July 19, 2017. https://www.upholdjustice.org/node/389
[423]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[424]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[425]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[426]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[427]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[428]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[429]WOIPFG. “World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) Report: The Chinese Communist Regime Continues Its Campaign of Forced Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners”. November 27, 2015. http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/330
[430]WOIPFG. “A WOIPFG Investigation Report on the Chinese Communist Party’s Ongoing Crime of Live Organ Harvesting against Falun Dafa Practitioners.” July 19, 2017. https://www.upholdjustice.org/node/389
[431]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[432]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[433]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Year 2023 Apr 15, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/139060
[434]WOIPFG. “A WOIPFG Investigation Report on the Chinese Communist Party’s Ongoing Crime of Live Organ Harvesting against Falun Dafa Practitioners (VI)”. December 2, 2018. http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/404
[435]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2019)
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[436]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period January to June of Year 2020
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/128615
[437]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022 Oct 3, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[438]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Year 2023 Apr 15, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/139060
[439]A Father Suffers From Critical Liver Failure and Liver Transplant Still Requires Huge Post-Operative Treatment Costs, While the Family Has a Younger Brother in School
https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165827/https://www.qschou.com/project/index/93b3edb8-b633-42e9-910f-33ae404557b3
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC31.pdf
[440]A Teacher From Chengdu with Liver Failure Undergoes Liver Transplant Surgery – Source: Chengdu Economic Daily, June 23, 2015
https://web.archive.org/web/20180622163112/http://transplantation.org.cn/zjingtai/zganxiwen/7455.htm
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC32.pdf
[441]People.cn: "Rare 'Amyloidosis' Found in Hubei Province, Liver Transplant Saves the Patient" – July 9, 2015, Source: Wuhan Morning Post
https://web.archive.org/web/20180622162250/http://health.people.com.cn/n/2015/0709/c14739-27276796.html
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC33.pdf
[442]Hunan Provincial Health Department Health Supervision Bureau: "4-Hour Decision, 5-Hour Surgery, Provincial People's Hospital Sets New Record in Life-or-Death Liver Transplant Speed" – April 10, 2018
http://archive.is/RShM1
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC34.pdf
[443]“Kill to Live”
TV Chosun, South Korea's Largest Daily Newspaper Chosun Ilbo TV Channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2LqZAfR_ZE
[444]Sina Finance: "Famous Professor from Lanzhou University, 'Da Mu,' Suffers Sudden Heart Attack and Asks Alumni for Help, Now Has Underwent Heart Transplant" – May 11, 2022, The Paper
https://web.archive.org/web/20221219031225/https://finance.sina.com.cn/…
[445]200+ 'Liver Disease Friends' Share Their Experiences: After Liver Transplant, They Not Only Gained a New Life, but Their Lives Became More Wonderful – Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital to Launch Heart and Lung Transplants, Four Major Organ Transplants Leading the Development of All Hospital Disciplines – October 30, 2019
[446]People.cn: "National Health Commission: China’s Liver Transplant Patients’ Five-Year Survival Rate Has Exceeded 70%" – June 23, 2018, Source: Xinhua News
https://archive.is/K7MGI
[447]Hubei Daily: "A Difficult Journey to Obtain a Life-Saving Heart: Doctors Overcome Challenges to Complete a Complex Surgery, and the Heart Beats Strongly in the Girl's Chest" – July 3, 2020
[448]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Latest Investigation Results: in the Name of ‘Organ Donation’, CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from a Large Number of Living Falun Gong Practitioners.” July 15, 2016. http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/358
[449]WOIPFG. “A WOIPFG Investigation Report on the Chinese Communist Party’s Ongoing Crime of Live Organ Harvesting against Falun Dafa Practitioners.” July 19, 2017. https://www.upholdjustice.org/node/389
[450]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Latest Investigation Results: in the Name of ‘Organ Donation’, CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from a Large Number of Living Falun Gong Practitioners.” July 15, 2016. http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/358
[451] WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (3) https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/72524
[452]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (IV).” October 17, 2017. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[453]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (V).” July 20, 2018. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/96870
[454]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on Status Quo of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Dafa Practitioners (IV).” October 17, 2017. http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/77139
[455] Central South University News: "Hunan Province’s First Fourth Kidney Transplant Surgery Successfully Performed at Xiangya Third Hospital" – July 5, 2011
[456] Yunnan.cn: "Three Lung Transplants Completed in One Day, Lung Hospital Creates Another Medical Miracle"
February 21, 2022
[457]The Epoch Times: "Heart Surgery Specialist Yang Chenyuan Died, Had Participated in Transplant Surgery"
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/1/11/n13904178.htm
[458] Zhejiang University First Hospital Celebrates 70th Anniversary: For Glory and Dreams – October 17, 2017, Source: China Hospital CEO Magazine, Author: Liu Wenxing
[459] Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital Completes 13 Organ Transplant Surgeries in One Day, Multi-Disciplinary Team Ensures Patient Safety 24/7 During the Entire Surgical Cycle – March 27, 2019, Source: Henan Daily
[460]Xi'an Jiaotong University News: "Kidney Transplant Department at First Affiliated Hospital Completes 10 Kidney Transplants in One Day" – March 11, 2019
[461] Xiangya Second Hospital Organ Donation Coordinator Helps Complete 6 Organ Transplants in One Day
July 28, 2020
[462] Xiehe Hospital Completes 4 Heart Transplants in One Day – August 7, 2020, Source: Changjiang Net
http://archive.is/KBn1J
http://archive.is/LWL6M
[463] Reader Chen Jingyu: "His Knife Saves the Body and the Dreams"
https://web.archive.org/web/20221219033728/https://www.z2hospital.com/contents/599/17513.html
[464] Reader Chen Jingyu: "His Knife Saves the Body and the Dreams"
https://web.archive.org/web/20221219033728/https://www.z2hospital.com/contents/599/17513.html
[465]wxrb.com: "Life Relay: Hope Always on the Road of 'Transplant’– Wuxi People's Hospital Deepens Its Commitment to Transplantation and Safeguard Rebirth" – September 7, 2022
[466]jksb.com.cn: "4 Lung Transplants Performed on the Third Day of the Lunar New Year! Doctors Say Lung Transplants Can't Wait Until the Patient Is in Critical Condition" 2022-02-04
[467]Jilin Travel Radio Broadcast. http://www.sohu.com/a/145446454_223169
WOIPFG archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC46.pdf
[468]World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong. “Another Advertisement of Free Liver Transplantation Comes into Sight in China!” June 27, 2017. http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/387
[469]Sina News: "Boundless Love! Zhejiang University First Hospital Completes More Than 460 Free Liver Transplants for Children Within Three Years" – June 2, 2022
https://archive.is/10ahn
[470]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period January to June of Year 2020
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/128615
[471]WOIPFG:Direct Evidence of the CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners: A National Crime of Group Genocide September 14, 2019
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/123241
[472]Minghui.org: "A Bright Yet Twisted Journey" – August 25, 2004
http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2004/8/25/82606.html
[473]Minghui.org: "A Bright Yet Twisted Journey" – August 25, 2004
http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2004/8/25/82606.html
[474]Minghui.org: "The Eternal Song of Life"
http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/5/14/127683.html
[475]Minghui.org: "The Inhumane Tragedy Continues" – May 9, 2006
http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/5/9/127277p.html
[476] “Minghui.org” People's Liberation Army General Logistics Department Responsible for Harvesting Organs
May 02, 2012 | By Zhen Jun
http://en.minghui.org/html/articles/2012/5/2/133041.html
[477] Minghui.org: "CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners" – July 22, 2010
https://big5.minghui.org/mh/articles/2010/7/22/%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E6%B4%BB%E6%91%98%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA%E5%8A%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%A1%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98-227349.html
[478] Falun Dafa Minghui Special Topic: "Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners by the CCP"
https://package.minghui.org/mh/packages/organ-harvest/
[479]NTD TV: "Masanjia Labor Camp: 300 People Forced to Test Their Blood, Hiding a Shocking Secret" – August 30, 2012
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/2012/08/31/a755923.html
[480] NTD TV: "Nurses’ Summit to Stop CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting: Witnesses Share Their Experiences" – November 4, 2022
http://cn.epochtimes.com/gb/22/11/3/n13859007.htm
[481] Epoch Times: "Dandong Police Say It’s a “Must-do” Assigned to Them – Falun Gong Practitioners Forced to Undergo Blood Tests, Hiding a Shocking Secret" – September 19, 2014
http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/14/9/19/n4252384.htm%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E5%…
[482] Minghui.org: "Police in Multiple Areas Break into Their Homes to Force Falun Gong Practitioners Undergo Blood Tests" – July 5, 2014
http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2014/7/5/%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E8%AD%A6…
[483] Epoch Times: "Dandong Police Say It’s a “Must-do” Assigned to Them – Falun Gong Practitioners Forced to Undergo Blood Tests, Hiding a Shocking Secret" – September 19, 2014http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/14/9/19/n4252384.htm%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E5%…
[484] NTD TV: "CCP’s Large Scale Blood Sample Collection, Suspected to Be for Live Organ Bank" – June 25, 2016
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/2016/06/25/a1273199.html
[485]NTD TV: "CCP 610 Officials Oversaw the Collection of Blood from Shanghai Falun Gong Practitioners" – August 23, 2020
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/mkt_ipad/2020/08/23/a102924606.html
[486]Epoch Times: "Falun Gong Practitioners in Multiple Provinces Forced to Undergo Blood Tests by Police" – August 31, 2020
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/20/8/30/n12368719.htm
[487]Epoch Times: "Falun Gong Practitioners in Multiple Provinces Forced to Undergo Blood Tests by Police" – August 31, 2020
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/20/8/30/n12368719.htm
[488]Sound of Hope: "Falun Gong Practitioners in Multiple Locations in China Forced to Have Blood Samples Taken, Allegedly for Organ Transplant Matching" – August 31, 2020
https://www.soundofhope.org/post/416950
[489]Epoch Times: "Top 10 News of Falun Gong in 2020 (Part 1)" – January 4, 2021
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/21/1/3/n12664196.htm
[490] Minghui.org: "CCP Forced 129 Falun Gong Practitioners to Give Blood Samples in the First Half of 2021"
November 14, 2022https://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2021/7/26/428602.html
[491] Minghui.org: "7,331 Falun Gong Practitioners Abducted and Harassed in 2022" – Updated: May 22, 2023
https://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2023/1/6/2022%E5%B9%B47331%E5%90%8D…
[492] Radio Free Asia: "wqw2010.blogspot.com Releases Report on Persecution of Falun Gong: 209 Deaths, 1,188 Sentenced" 2024.01.14
https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/Xinwen/3-01142024115558.html
[493] Evidence Collection of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728#_Toc366574827
[494] China Organ Transplant Website: "Introduction to the Kidney Transplant Team at the Institute of Transplantation, Armed Police General Hospital" – April 3, 2009http://www.transplantation.org.cn/WuJingZongYiYuanKuaiXun/2009-04/3552…
http://web.archive.org/web/20140417033836/http://www.transplantation.or…
[495]WOIPFG’s Ongoing Investigation of Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (6) – New evidence of CCP’s live organ harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[496] Deathbed Testimonies of a Falun Dafa Disciple Murdered by Live Organ Harvesting in 2019 https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/139941
[497] WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on the Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners at the PLA Xijing Hospital
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125865
WOIPFG’s Investigation on the Live Organ Harvesting in 11 Provinces and Direct-Administered Municipalities (Video Evidence Collected on Site)https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/111517
[498] Lu Shuheng’s Formal Report to WOIPFG on CCP's Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/130426
[499] CCP Cuts Off Tendons on Their Limbs Before Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/138629
[500] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Period 2020-2022
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/140499
[501] Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners, 2023
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/139060
[502] Evidence Collection of WOIPFG’s Investigation into CCP’s Ongoing Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners
Published: September 11, 2013; Updated: March 2, 2015
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728
[503]WOIPFG - Episode 31: CCP Cuts Off Tendons on Their Limbs Before Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/138342
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/138629
[504]WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners at the Third Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital (Formerly the General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces) and Its Staff Members Suspected of Participation
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/128895
[505]WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on the Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners at the PLA Xijing Hospital
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125865
[506] WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on the Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners at the CCP Air Force Affiliated Xijing Hospital (Video Evidence Collected on Site)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/127256
[507]WOIPFG. “WOIPFG’s Latest Investigation Results: in the Name of ‘Organ Donation’, CCP Continues to Harvest Organs from a Large Number of Living Falun Gong Practitioners.” July 15, 2016. http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/358
[508]Epoch Weekly: "Internal Data from CCP’s Public Security: Local Hospitals Alone Have Harvested 500,000 Organs from Falun Gong Practitioners" – Issue 440, August 6, 2015
http://www.epochweekly.com/gb/442/15376.htm
[509]Epoch Times Exclusive: "Shocking Secret Hidden in Medical University Affiliated Hospitals Exposed: The Truth Behind the Zhou Yongkang Case Will Reveal CCP’s Collapse: The Case Involves (in Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners) Initiated By Jiang Zemin"
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/14/2/28/n4094048.htm%E7%8D%A8%E5%AE%B6-%E6…
[510] Deathbed Testimonies of a Falun Dafa Disciple Murdered by Live Organ Harvesting in 2019 July 17, 2023
https://www.upholdjustice.org/node/626
[511] WOIPFG’s Investigation Report on the CCP’s General Logistics Department and Its Involvement in Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners – December 3, 2022
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/138169
[512]WOIPFG Releases List of 7,402 Medical Personnel Involved in the Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in 765 Non-Military Medical Institutions
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45858
WOIPFG Releases List of 2,098 Medical Personnel Involved in the Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in 100 Military and Armed Police Hospitals
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45100
[513]Chinese Hospitals Directory: Home Page
[514]China International Physician Website: "Human Organ Transplantation Urgently Needs Regulation"
http://www.sosomy.com/articlecontent.asp?ID=313
[515]People.cn - Hubei Channel: "Wuhan University Liver and Gallbladder Disease Research Institute: Organ Transplants Race Against Time" – April 25, 2015
http://hb.people.com.cn/n/2015/0425/c337099-24632343.html
[516]Aboluowang (first published): "Baby Organ Transplants May Be Testing for CCP’s High-ranking Officials' '150-Year Life' Goal" – March 15, 2023 (videos and photos)
https://www.aboluowang.com/2023/0315/1877586.html
[517]Epoch Times: "Why Do CCP Leaders Live So Long? At the Cost of People's Lives" – October 6, 2019
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/19/10/5/n11570901.htm
[518] Tianjin First Central Hospital: "Introduction to Shen Zhongyang"
http://www.tj-fch.com/jiuyi/expertInfo.aspx?id=247
[519]Baike (Baidu Baike): "Shen Zhongyang" http://baike.baidu.com/view/1577731.htm
[520]Science and Technology Daily (stdaily): "Pioneering the Legislation for Voluntary Organ Donations: Professor Shen Zhongyang, President of Tianjin First Center Hospital" – December 10, 2014 (3) By stdaily reporters: Wu Yuehong, Luo Chaoshu, Li Ying and Feng Guowu Dec 10, 2014
http://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2014-12/10/…
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/432.png
[521]Baike (Baidu Baike): "Shen Zhongyang"
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1577731.htm
[522]WOIPFG’s Ongoing Investigation of Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (6) – New evidence of CCP’s live organ harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
[523]Caixin.com: "Introduction to Huang Jiefu"
[524] icourses.cn: "Introduction to He Xiaoshun"
[525] Guangdong Province Ganzangbing Institution: "Introduction to He Xiaoshun"
[526]WOIPFG’s Investigation on the State Crime of Alleged Massive Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2015-2020)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/111433
[527]The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University” Specialist Introduction: He Xiaoshun http://www.gzsums.net/news_219.aspx
https://web.archive.org/web/20171231042335/http://www.gzsums.net/news_2…
[528]Sina News: "Organ Donation Maze" – March 26, 2010
http://magazine.sina.com/bg/nfweekend/20100326/2010-03-25/ba85255.html
WOIPFG’s archived link:
http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/468. png
[529]Guangzhou Daily: "Organ Transplant: A New Life Symphony" – March 14, 2006
https://web.archive.org/web/20071010072726/http://gzdaily.dayoo.com/gb/…
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/217.png
[530]NTD TV: “A Ministerial-Level Official Died Of A Suspected Epidemic, And It Was Revealed That Multiple Organs Were Replaced During His Lifetime, Raising Suspicions”
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/mkt_ipad/2023/01/03/a103616059.html
[531]Epoch Times: Chinese Communist Party Uses Organs To Bribe Hong Kong Tycoons In Hidden Political Deals
Hong Kong Liaison Office Helps Tsang Hin-Chi Go to Guangdong For Kidney Transplant
Hong Kong's Fujian Gang And “Putian Group” Interest Chain November 23, 2016
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/16/11/23/n8518745.htm
[532] Epoch Times: "Shocking Inside Story from PLA Foreign-related Hospital: Former Guangdong Overseas Chinese Official Reveals PLA Southern Medical University Affiliated Hospital (PLA Code: Hospital 157) Involvement in Organ Harvesting"
http://cn.epochtimes.com/gb/14/8/15/n4225330.htm
[533] Epoch Times: "Bai Lan Went to China for Kidney Transplant, Now Listed as International Key Target for Investigation"
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/16/9/23/n8329521.htm
[534]Epoch Times Exclusive Interview with Wang Juntao: "CCP Espionage at Its Worst: The World’s Extreme" (3)
October 2, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/10/2/n14086905.htm
[535]Review of WOIPFG Investigation Into CCP’s Organ Harvesting From Living Falun Gong Practitioners For Year 2019 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/125981
[536]China Organ Transplant Website: : "98% of Organ Transplants in China Controlled Outside the Ministry of Health System" – April 7, 2006
Source: Sanlian Lifeweek, Sina News Reporter: Guo Na
https://archive.is/Ixf9t
https://archive.is/AXFtm
[537]Deutsche Welle (DW News): "China Takes a Symbolic Step in Organ Transplantation Legislation"
[538]Deutsche Welle (DW News): "China Takes a Symbolic Step in Organ Transplantation Legislation"https://archive.is/t2pwl
[539]China Organ Transplant Website: : "98% of Organ Transplants in China Controlled Outside the Ministry of Health System" – April 7, 2006
Source: Sanlian Lifeweek, Sina News Reporter: Guo Na
https://archive.is/Ixf9t
https://archive.is/AXFtm
[540]WOIPFG’s Investigation on the State Crime of Alleged Massive Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (2006-2015)
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/124628#_ch2
[541]Feng Media under Phoenix TV: Yi Du Talk - Huang Jiefu: “Organ Transplant Tourism” Was Extinct In China Last Year. Shen Yi Du Column of Beijing Youth Daily 2017-03-08
http://wemedia.ifeng.com/9785957/wemedia.shtml
[542]“Kill to Live”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2LqZAfR_ZE
[543]“Kill to Live”
TV Chosun, South Korea's Largest Daily Newspaper Chosun Ilbo TV Channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2LqZAfR_ZE
[544]Wuhan University Journal (Medical Edition), 2016, Vol. 37, Issue (4): 517-522 - "The Development and Outlook of Organ Donation in China" by Huang Jiefu
[545]Radio Free Asia - "PLA 304 Hospital Urology Department Involved in Organ Trafficking Scandal" – Published on December 9, 2012
https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20120912-%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5…
[546] Radio Free Asia - "PLA 304 Hospital Urology Department Involved in Organ Trafficking Scandal" – Published on December 9, 2012
https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20120912-%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5…
[547]Ministry of Education National Youth Legal Education Website (qspfw.moe.gov.cn) – "Elementary School Students Donating Organs: A Story Worth Telling" – January 8, 2018
[548]Xuancheng District People's Government - [Administrative Regulations] "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation" (State Council Order No. 491 of the People's Republic of China) – March 29, 2022
[549]NetEase News - "National Health Commission: Criminal Responsibility Will Be Pursued for Removing Organs from Citizens Under 18" – July 2, 2020 (Source: Beijing Daily)
[550]Radio Free Asia - "What is the Connection Between Missing Persons and China's Organ Transplant Scandals?" November 22, 2022
https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/kw-11222022124018.html
[551] Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation – Major Revisions After 16 Years, Emphasizing Full-Process Traceability and Supervision Mechanism
Source: Hongxing News. 2023-10-21
http://web.archive.org/web/20231024154326/https://www.163.com/dy/articl…
[552] NTD TV– [Censored News] "Is Live Organ Harvesting Legalized? CCP Passes Organ Donation and Transplantation Regulations" – October 23, 2023
https://www.ntdtv.com/b5/2023/10/22/a103810817.html
[553] Epoch Times – "CCP Approves Organ Transplant Draft, Accused of Legalizing Live Organ Harvesting" – October 22, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/10/22/n14100691.htm
[554]Sina News Center – "Doctors Say Infant Organ Donation Easier to Promote than Adult Organ Donation" – March 7, 2013 (Xinmin Weekly)
[555] Xinhua News – "She Is an Angel! Anhui's Youngest Organ Donor, Only 10 Days Old" – August 19, 2018
[556] Shanghai Jiao Tong University Journalism Academic Network: "Life Continued in Another Form! A Premature Baby Weighing Only 1.07 kg Donates a Kidney to Save Someone" 2021/10/15
https://archive.is/0Pdsm
[557]Zhejiang News – "Only 4 Days Old, the Youngest Organ Donor in Zhejiang Province" – December 13, 2016
[558]NetEase – "An Infant 'Voluntarily' Donates a Kidney, Saving 2 Adults. Can Infants Really Make Such Decisions?" – March 2, 2023https://archive.is/thNPr
[559] Yunnan Red Cross – "Ten Years of Yunnan Red Cross: Organ Donation and the Concept of 'Organ Donation, Life Continuation' Widely Accepted by the Public" – September 27, 2022
[560] Sohu – "Promoting Organ Donation Among Middle School Students and Including Related Contents in Textbooks. What’s the Agenda?"
https://archive.is/dNAoB
[561] Epoch Times – "CCP Encourages Students to Take Oaths to 'Donate Organs,' Making Them Organ Donors?" – February 6, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/2/5/n13923403.htm
[562] NetEase News – "Lawyer Xie Zhengmin: Organizing Minors to Take Oath to Donate Organs Is Illegal" – February 12, 2023
[563]Sohu – "Saving 7 People! 26-Year-Old Woman in Fujian Donates Organs, Her Conversation with Her Sister Breaks Hearts" – November 23, 2022
[564]Shandong: "20-Year-Old Boy Dies, Donates Organs to Save 7 Patients" – January 19, 2023 (Source: People.cn – Shandong Channel)
[565]NetEase News – "40-Year-Old Man in Hefei Dies from Brain Hemorrhage, Donates Organs to Save 8 People" – November 2, 2023 (Source: Hefei Evening News)
https://web.archive.org/web/20240207165558/https://www.163.com/dy/article/IIHFFB820514R9OJ.html
[566]Sohu – "Salute! 22-Year-Old Young Man from Hubei Saves 9 People" – January 5, 2024 Author: Xiao Zhang Talks About the City https://web.archive.org/web/20240205124434/https://m.sohu.com/a/749854216_121123828/?pvid=000115_3w_a
[567]NTD TV – "Family of Wuhan Patient Accuses Doctor of Falsifying 'Brain Death' to Coerce Organ Donation from Child" – January 24, 2024
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/mkt_ipad/2024/01/23/a103845852.html
[568] Tencent – "13-Year-Old Boy Bullied to Brain Death, Donates Organs to Save 7 People!" – February 3, 2024 (Published on Anhui's Xin’an Evening News Account)
[569] NTD TV (NTD) – "Wuhan Hospital Accused of Causing Death for Organs: Experts Say 'Brain Death' Becomes an Excuse for CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting" – June 20, 2024
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/2024/06/20/a103890687.html
[570]Tencent – "Life Continued! 18-Year-Old Girl in Wuxi Donates Organs, Giving 6 People a New Life" – September 26, 2022 (Modern Express News)
https://archive.is/qlPwg
[571]NTD TV – "Young People in China Frequently Diagnosed with 'Brain Death' and Donate Organs, Sparking Fear and Criticism" – January 23, 2024
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/2024/01/23/a103845779.html
[572]China Organ Donation Management Center – May 7, 2023
[573]NTD TV– [Censored News] "CCP’s Live Organ Harvesting Comes to the Surface, Students Become New Victims"
February 8, 2023
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/2023/02/07/a103644447.html
[574]Epoch Times – "CCP Encourages Students to Take Oath to 'Donate Organs,' Making Them Organ Donors?" – February 6, 2023
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/2/5/n13923403.htm
[575]Radio Free Asia - "What is the Connection Between Missing Persons and China's Organ Transplant Scandals?" November 22, 2022
https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/kw-11222022124018.html
[576]Epoch Times – "Zhou Xiaohui: Insider Reveals the Hu Xinyu Case Involves Live Organ Harvesting"
January 29, 2024 https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/24/1/28/n14168467.htm
[577]NTD TV – "More and More Young People Are Disappearing in Mainland China: 11 Cases Revealed in Just 9 Days" – January 30, 2024
https://www.ntdtv.com/gb/2024/01/29/a103847550.html
[578]Epoch Times – "Body of a Young Boy with Missing Organs Found in Shaanxi, CCP Accused of Live Organ Harvesting" – February 6, 2024
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/24/2/6/n14174498.htm
[579]Sound of Hope – "Another Hu Xinyu? Guangzhou Vocational School Student Dies Suddenly In a Coma, School’s Reactions Raise Questions" – December 17, 2023
https://www.soundofhope.org/post/778711
[580]Radio Free Asia – "Tibet’s Version of Hu Xinyu Missing Case? Tibetan Female College Student Dies Mysteriously Three Weeks After Detained" – January 24, 2024
https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/hx2-0124202409270…
[581]The Epoch Times: "Disregarding the Unknown Source of Organs in Mainland China, Hong Kong Officials Still Hope to Integrate into the Mainland System" December 21, 2022
https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/22/12/21/n13888806.htm
[582]Radio Free Asia – "Henan Announces Charges for Human Organs" – November 2, 2021
https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/huanjing/ql2-11022021070103.html
[583]China.com.cn (Author: Ye Qing, Editor: Wang Xiaoyi_NE0011)
http://news.163.com/10/0506/03/65VJLEO20001124J_all.html
WOIPFG’s archived link: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/media/2019/0712/SC111.pdf
[584] WOIPFG’s Ongoing Investigation of Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners (6) – New evidence of CCP’s live organ harvesting from Falun Gong
https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/108500
